Shughni
Contributed by Roman Ronko (Academia.edu profile, ResearchGate profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Ronko, Roman. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Shughni. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 5, 2022; last revised on December 5, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: az
Lemolak | az | yūx̌k | xist | sa-t. |
handkerchief( f ) | el | tears | wet | go- pst . f |
The handerchief got soaked from tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: az
Xix̌čak | az | wazmini | virux̌-t. |
branch | el | weight | break- pst |
The branch broke from the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | dasti | δud | kêx-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | smoke | cough- pst |
The woman is coughing because of the smoke. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
Maš | az | dasti | torik-i | soyil | na-win=ām. |
1 pl . obl | el | caus | darkness-3 sg | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jat
Maš | torik-i | ǰāt | soyil | na-win=ām. |
1 pl . obl | darkness-3 sg | caus | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
Maš | az | rui | torik-i | soyil | na-win=ām. |
1 pl . obl | el | caus | darkness-3 sg | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Wi | čorik=en | podstavit | čū-d. |
3 sg . m . obl | man=3 pl | quit_on | do- pst |
This man was wrong-footed. | |||
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | daraxt | az | xūdz | wêx-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | tree( f ) | el | wind | fall- pst |
The tree fell due to the wind. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Wi | čorik=i | tok | δo-d | xu | yu | mū-d. |
3 sg . m . obl | man( m )=3 sg | current | give- pst | refl | dem 3. m . sg | die- pst |
The man received an electric shock and died. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event |
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: az
Yu | čorik | az | tok | mū-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | current | die- pst |
The man died because of the electric shock. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | ɣawɣo | agā1 sa-t2. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | noise( m ) | wake_up(intr)1,2- pst . f |
The woman woke up from the noise. |
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
Wam | ɣ̌inik=i | ɣawɣo | agā1 čū-d2. |
3 sg . f . obl | woman( f )=3 sg | noise | wake_up(tr)1,2- pst |
The woman was woken up by the noise. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: az
Wi | čorik | kāl | az | pivo | birext-darθ | kix̌t. |
3 sg . m . obl | man( m ) | head( m ) | el | beer | drink. inf -pain | do. npst .3 sg |
The man has a headache from the beer. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | wi | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | 3 sg . m . obl | sup -laughter | give- pst |
The woman laughed at it [the puppy's]. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. |
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | wi | kor | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | 3 sg . m . obl | work | sup -laughter | give- pst |
The woman laughed at its movements [the puppy's]. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Yu | čorik | az | wam | zax̌rnok | moyi | xīdow | mū-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | 3 sg . f . obl | poisonous | fish( f ) | eat. inf | die- pst |
The man died from eating a poisonous fish. | |||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: tar
Yā | ɣāc | tar | xu | bax̌o | xušizor. |
dem 3. f . sg | girl( f ) | eq | refl | grade | rejoiced |
The girl was happy about her grade. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | ɣ̌inik-i | az | xu | čor | gāp-en | qār | čū-d. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )-3 sg | el | refl | husband | word- pl | anger | do- pst |
The wife was angered by her husband’s words. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Wi | ɣiδā-ra | fikri | lap | xuš | ya-t. |
3 sg . m . obl | boy( m )- lat | thought( m ) | very | happy | come- pst |
The boy was happy with what was said. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yu | čorik | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | zorδ | δo-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | hunger- izf | heart( m ) | give- pst |
The man was weakened by hunger. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yu | čorik | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | mū-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | hunger- izf | die- pst |
The man died from hunger. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yu | čorik | az | darθ | xax̌-aθ | wāγ-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | pain | loud- adv | cry- pst |
The man screamed from the pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | šitoji | laɣ̌dza | kix-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | cold | shiver | do- pst |
The woman shivered from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yu | kūdak | az | x̌oj | daraw1 nīw2 δo-d3. |
dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | fear | start_to_cry1,2,3- pst |
The child cried out of fear. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yu | kūdak | az | xuši | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | happiness | sup -laughter | give- pst |
The child laughed from happiness. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yu | kūdak | az | x̌oj | tar | saraj | xu | ǰoy | čū-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | fear | eq | barn | refl | hide | do- pst |
The child hid in the barn out of fear. |
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Yu | čorik=i | aloawle | čū-d | xu | qaror-aθ | nūs-t. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | shame | do- pst | refl | quiet- adv | sit- pst |
The man did not say anything, modestly. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event |
23
Status: main; causal marker: LOC
Yā | ɣ̌inik-i | x̌oj-and | xu | virod | θūst-and | qāp1 δo-d2. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )-3 sg | fear- loc | refl | brother | hand- loc | grab1,2- pst |
The woman got hold of her younger brother in fear. |
24
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | kor | mot | sic. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | work | tired | become. pf . f |
The woman is tired from work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | dasti | tivdak-en | tar | xu | x̌êvdow | na-vār | δo-d. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | mosquito- pl | eq | refl | sleep. inf | neg -can | give- pst |
The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | x̌ac | svetly | dives-t | az | rui | mêst. |
dem 3. f . sg | water( f ) | bright | show- npst .3 sg | el | caus | crescent |
The water looks bright because of the moon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: blagodara
Yu | čorik | udačnayā | tar | oxota | su-t | blagodar'a | wi | kud=ard. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | successful | eq | hunt | go- pst | thanks_to | 3 sg . m . obl | dog= lat |
Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. |
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
Yu | čorik | udačnayā | tar | oxota | su-t | az | rui | wi | kud. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | successful | eq | hunt | go- pst | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | dog |
Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: dar
Yā | ɣ̌inik | tar | xočor | dar | čorik | qar | δo-d. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | eq | angered | on | man | anger | give- pst |
The wife was angry at her husband. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | rui | xu | čor | tar | kor-i | der1 čū-d2. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | husband | eq | work- izf | be_late1,2- pst |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: daroyi
Yā | ɣ̌inik | daroyi | xu | čor | tar | kor-i | der1 čū-d2. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | caus | refl | husband | eq | work- izf | be_late1,2- pst |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: az dasti
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | dasti | xu | čor | tar | kor-i | der1 čū-d2. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | husband | eq | work- izf | be_late1,2- pst |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Odam-en=en | az | rui | zamīnǰumb | mū-d. |
man- pl =3 pl | el | caus | earthquake | die- pst |
The people died because of the earthquake. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Fuk | bad | kor-i=en | az | rui | odam | s-en. |
all | bad | work-3 sg =3 pl | el | caus | man | go- npst .3 pl . sh |
All distresses happen because of man. |
32
Status: main; causal marker: qullu
Qullu | operacija-ard | yu | čorik | bi=di | wīnt. |
gratitude | surgery- lat | dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | good= comp | see. npst .3 sg |
The man could see better thanks to the surgery. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: qullu
Qullu | ik | wi | čorik=ard | yā | ɣ̌inik | zindā. |
gratitude | em | 3 sg . m . obl | man( m )= lat | dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | alive |
The woman is alive only thanks to this man. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yu | čorik=i | dar1 | bōra2 | di | lů-d | az | rui | xu biaqligari. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | regarding1,2 | ptcl | say- pst | el | caus | refl | stupidity |
The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | rui | xu | bey-i | parwo | kirx̌ | sa-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | without- adj | care | slippery | go- pst . f |
The woman slipped because of her carelessness. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
Lůčik=i | vār1 | δo-d2 | samalůt | nêδdow | az | dasti | xu opyt. |
pilot( m )=3 sg | be_able1,2- pst | plane | land. inf | el | caus | refl | experience |
The pilot was able to land the plane as he had solid experience. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yu | pilot=i | az | rui | xu | nofām-i | wam | samalůt | na-vār | δo-d | nêδdow. |
dem 3. m . sg | pilot( m )=3 sg | el | caus | refl | dumb-3 sg | dem .3 f . sg . obl | plane | neg -can | hit- pst | land. inf |
The pilot couldn’t land the plane with the lack of experience. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: az
Waxti | δêd-and | odam-en=en | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | wox̌ | xū-d. |
while | war- loc | man- pl =3 pl | el | hunger- izf | grass | eat- pst |
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. |
39
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | rui | xu | lubopitnigora | tar | darūn | de-d. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | curiosity | eq | inside | enter- pst |
The woman went inside out of curiosity. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yu | čorik=i | az | rui | revnost | xu | ɣ̌in | zī-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | el | caus | jealousy | refl | wife | kill- pst |
The man killed his wife out of jealousy. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yu | čorik=i | az | rui | xu | gordost | fuk-ard-aθ | dar1 | bōra2 | di lů-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | el | caus | refl | pride | everyone- lat - adv | regarding1,2 | ptcl | say- pst |
The man told everyone about it out of pride. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: az
Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | qār | fuk | wi | ǰogā | virux̌-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | anger | all | 3 sg . m . obl | dishes( m ) | break- pst |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | qār | fuk | wi | ǰogā | virux̌-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | anger | all | 3 sg . m . obl | dishes( m ) | break- pst |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | šitoje | xu | loq | qati | x̌uft. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | cold | refl | clothes | com | sleeping |
The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Molimā-i | az | rui | wi | talabā | kostum | wi | tārīf | čū-d. |
teacher( m )-3 sg | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | student( m ) | suit( m ) | 3 sg . m . obl | praise | do- pst |
The teacher commended the student for his clothes. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: jat
Yu | čorik=i | xu | amsoyā | wi | gāp | ǰāt | δo-d. |
dem 3. m . sg | man=3 sg | refl | neighbour( m ) | 3 sg . m . obl | word( m ) | caus | give- pst |
The man killed his neighbor because of his words. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Wa | kudak-en=en | az | rui | půt | δêd1 su-t2. |
dem . pl | child- pl =3 pl | el | caus | ball | fight1,2- pst |
The children fought over the ball. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yu | čorik | az | rui | čīd | xu | virod | qati | δêd1 su-t2. |
dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | caus | house | refl | brother | com | fight1,2- pst |
The man argued with his younger brother over the house. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | wi | sūrat-en | wam | kitob | zox̌-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | appearance-3 pl | dem .3 f . sg . obl | book( f ) | buy- pst |
The woman bought the book because of the pictures. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | xu | bezeb | nastroen | xu | ox̌no | qati | na-wīn-t. |
dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | refl | ugly | mood | refl | friend | com | neg -see- pst |
The woman did not meet her friend because of her bad mood. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |