Polish
Contributed by Sergey Say (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Say, Sergey. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Polish. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Husteczk-a | nasiąk-ł-a | łz-ami. |
| handkerchief- nom . sg | get_soaked- pst - f . sg | tear- ins . pl |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | ||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: od GEN
| Husteczk-a | nasiąk-ł-a | od | łez. |
| handkerchief- nom . sg | get_soaked- pst - f . sg | from | tear[ gen . pl ] |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: pod INS
| Gałąź | złama-ł-a | się | pod | ciężar-em | śnieg-u. |
| branch[ nom . sg ] | break- pst - n . sg | refl | under | weight- ins . sg | snow- gen . sg |
| The branch broke under the weight of the snow. | |||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Kobiet-a | kaszle | z | powod-u | dym-u. |
| woman- nom . sg | cough. prs .3 sg | from2 | reason- gen . sg | smoke- gen . sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Nie | widać | brzeg-u | bo | jest | ciemno. |
| neg | see. inf | shore- gen . sg | because | be. prs .3 sg | dark |
| One can’t see the shore because it is dark. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Nie | widać | brzeg-u | z | powod-u | ciemnośc-i. |
| neg | see. inf | shore- gen . sg | from2 | reason- gen . sg | darkness- gen . sg |
| One can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: przez ACC
| Aresztowa-no | go | przez | pomyłk-ę. |
| arrest- pass . imps | he. acc | through | mistake- acc . sg |
| He was arrested by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wiatr | złama-ł | drzew-o. |
| wind[ nom . sg ] | break- pst [ m . sg ] | tree- acc . sg |
| The wind broke the tree. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: przez ACC
| Drzew-o | zosta-ł-o | złama-n-e | przez | wiatr. |
| tree- nom . sg | remain- pst - n . sg | break- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . n | through | wind[ acc . sg ] |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Drzew-o | złama-ł-o | się | z | powod-u | wiatr-u. |
| tree- nom . sg | break- pst - n . sg | refl | from2 | reason- gen . sg | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: w wyniku GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | zmar-ł | w | wynik-u | porażen-ia | prąd-em. |
| man- nom . sg | die- pst [ m . sg ] | in | result- loc . sg | shock- gen . sg | electricity- ins . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Obudzi-ł | ją | hałas. |
| wake- pst [ m . sg ] | she. acc | noise[ nom . sg ] |
| The noise woke her up. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mężczyzn-a | ma | ból | głow-y | wywoła-n-y | piw-em. |
| man- nom . sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain[ acc . sg ] | head- gen . sg | cause- pass . ptcp - acc . sg . m | beer- ins . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mężczyzn-a | ma | ból | głow-y | od | pic-ia | piw-a. |
| man- nom . sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain[ acc . sg ] | head- gen . sg | from | drinking- gen . sg | beer- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | śmia-ł-a | się | ze | szczeniak-a. |
| woman- nom . sg | laugh- pst - f . sg | refl | from2 | puppy- gen . sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mężczyzn-a | zmar-ł | w | wynik-u | zatruc-ia | ryb-ą. |
| man- nom . sg | die- pst [ m . sg ] | in | result- loc . sg | poisoning- gen . sg | fish- ins . sg |
| The man died from fish poisoning. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Dziewczyn-a | jest | zadowolon-a | ze | swoj-ej | ocen-y. |
| girl- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | content- nom . sg . f | from2 | one’s- ins . sg . f | grade- gen . sg |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Żon-a | by-ł-a | zł-a | z | powod-u | słów męż-a. |
| wife- nom . sg | be- pst - f . sg | angry- nom . sg . f | from2 | reason- gen . sg | husband- gen . sg |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | |||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Rozzłości-ł-y | ją | słow-a | męż-a. |
| make_angry- pst - nvir . pl | she. acc | word- nom . pl | husband- gen . sg |
| She was angered by her husband’s words. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
14
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Chłopiec | by-ł | zachwyc-on-y | tym | pomysł-em. |
| boy[ nom . sg ] | be- pst [ m . sg ] | fascinate- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . m | this. ins . sg . m | thought- ins . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Mężczyzn-a | by-ł | wycieńcz-on-y | głod-em. |
| man- nom . sg | be- pst [ m . sg ] | weaken- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . m | hunger- ins . sg |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: przez ACC
| Mężczyzn-a | by-ł | wycieńcz-on-y | przez | głód. |
| man- nom . sg | be- pst [ m . sg ] | weaken- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . m | through | hunger[ acc . sg ] |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | zmar-ł | z | głod-u. |
| man[ nom . sg ] | die- pst [ m . sg ] | from2 | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | krzyczy | z | ból-u. |
| man[ nom . sg ] | scream. prs .3 sg | from2 | pain- gen . sg |
| The man is screaming from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | trzęsie | się | z | zimn-a. |
| woman- nom . sg | shake. prs .3 sg | refl | from2 | cold- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Dzieck-o | zaczę-ł-o | płaka-ć | ze | strach-u. |
| child- nom . sg | begin- pst - n . sg | cry- inf | from2 | fear- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Dzieck-o | zaśmia-ł-o | się | radośnie. |
| child- nom . sg | begin_to_laugh- pst - n . sg | refl | cheerfully |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Ze | strach-u | dzieck-o | schowa-ł-o | się | w | stodol-e. |
| from2 | fear- gen . sg | child- nom . sg | hide- pst - n . sg | refl | in | barn- loc . sg |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: przez ACC
| Mężczyn-a | milcza-ł | przez | skromność. |
| man- nom . sg | keep_silent- pst [ m . sg ] | through | modesty[ acc . sg ] |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
23
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | chwyci-ł-a | dłoń | brat-a | ze | strach-u. |
| woman- nom . sg | grab- pst - f . sg | hand[ acc . sg ] | brother- gen . sg | from2 | fear- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Kobiet-a | jest | zmęcz-on-a | prac-ą. |
| woman- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | exhaust- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . f | work- ins . sg |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: przez ACC
| Kobiet-a | nie | może | zasną-ć | przez | komar-y. |
| woman- nom . sg | neg | be_able. prs .3 sg | fall_asleep- inf | through | mosquito- acc . pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Kobiet-a | nie | może | zasną-ć | z | powod-u | komar-ów. |
| woman- nom . sg | neg | be_able. prs .3 sg | fall_asleep- inf | from2 | reason- gen . sg | mosquito- gen . pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wod-a | wydaje | się | przezroczyst-a | w | świetl-e księżyc-a |
| water- nom . sg | seem. prs .3 sg | refl | in | light- loc . sg | moon- gen . sg |
| The water looks transparent in the moonlight. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: dzieki DAT
| Dzięki | swemu | ps-u, | polowan-ie | mu | się | uda-ł-o. |
| thanks_to | one’s. dat . sg . m | dog- dat . sg | hunt- nom . sg | (he. dat ) | refl | be_successful- pst - n . sg |
| Thanks to his dog, he had a successful hunt. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: na ACC
| Żon-a | by-ł-a | zł-a | na | męż-a. |
| wife- nom . sg | be- pst - f . sg | angry- nom . sg . f | on | husband- acc . sg |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | ||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: przez ACC
| Kobiet-a | spóźni-ł-a | się | do | prac-y | przez | swoj-ego | męż-a. |
| woman- nom . sg | make_late- pst - f . sg | refl | at | work- gen . sg | through | one’s- acc . sg . m | husband- acc . sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: w wyniku GEN
| Ludz-ie | zginę-l-i | w | wynik-u | trzęsien-ia | ziem-i. |
| people- nom . pl | perish- pst - vir . pl | in | result- loc . sg | shaking- gen . sg | earth- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wszystk-ie | nieszczęśc-ia | powodują | ludz-ie. |
| all- acc . pl | misfortune- acc . pl | cause. prs .3 pl | people- nom . pl |
| People are responsible for all the misfortunes. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Wszystk-ie | nieszczęść-ia | wydarzają | się | z | powod-u | ludz-i |
| all- nom . pl | misfornute- nom . pl | occur. prs .3 pl | refl | from2 | reason- gen . sg | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: za przyczyna GEN
| Wszystk-ie | nieszczęść-ia | wydarzają | się | za | przyczyn-ą | ludz-i. |
| all- nom . pl | misfornute- nom . pl | occur. prs .3 pl | refl | for | reason- ins . sg | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: dzieki DAT
| Mężczyzn-a | widzi | teraz | lepiej | dzięki | operacj-i. |
| man- nom . sg | see. prs .3 sg | now | better | thanks_to | operation- dat . sg |
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: dzieki DAT
| Kobiet-a | żyje | dzięki | temu | człowiek-owi. |
| woman- nom . sg | be_alive. prs .3 sg | thanks_to | this. dat . sg . m | person- dat . sg |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | powiedzia-ł | o | tym | żon-ie | z | głupot-y. |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ m . sg ] | about | this. loc . sg | wife- dat . sg | from2 | stupidity- gen . sg |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: przez ACC
| Kobiet-a | poślizgnę-ł-a | się | przez | nieuwag-ę. |
| woman- nom . sg | slip- pst - f . sg | refl | through | carelessness- acc . sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | ||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: dzieki DAT
| Pilot | potrafi-ł | wylądowa-ć | dzięki | swemu | doświadczen-iu. |
| pilot[ nom . sg ] | manage- pst [ m . sg ] | land- inf | thanks_to | one’s. dat . sg | experience- dat . sg |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. | |||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Nie | potrafi-ł | wylądowa-ć | bo | by-ł | niedoświadczon-y. |
| neg | manage- pst [ m . sg ] | land- inf | because | be- pst [ m . sg ] | inexperienced- nom . sg . m |
| He could not land the plane because he was inexperienced. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Pilot | nie | potrafi-ł | wylądowa-ć | z | powod-u | niedoświadczen-ia. |
| pilot[ nom . sg ] | neg | manage- pst [ m . sg ] | land- inf | from2 | reason- gen . sg | inexperience- gen . sg |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to inexperience. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| W | czas-ie | wojn-y | ludz-ie | z | głod-u | jed-l-i | traw-ę. |
| in | time- loc . sg | war- gen . sg | people- nom . pl | from2 | hunger- gen . sg | eat- pst - vir . pl | grass- acc . sg |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | wesz-ł-a | do | środk-a | z | ciekawośc-i. |
| woman- nom . sg | enter- pst - f . sg | at | middle- gen . sg | from2 | curiosity- gen . sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | zabi-ł | żon-ę | z | zazdrośc-i. |
| man- nom . sg | kill- pst [ m . sg ] | wife- acc . sg | from2 | jealousy- gen . sg |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mężczyzn-a | powiedzia-ł | o | tym | wszytk-im, | żeby | się | pochwali-ć. |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ m . sg ] | about | this. loc . sg . m | all- dat . pl | comp . sbjv | refl | praise- inf |
| The man told everyone about it to praise himself. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: z GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | powiedzia-ł | o | tym | wszystk-im | z | próżnośc-i. |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ m . sg ] | about | this. loc . sg . m | all- dat . pl | from2 | vanity- gen . sg |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: przez ACC
| Mężczyzn-a | powiedzia-ł | o | tym | wszystk-im | przez | próżność. |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ m . sg ] | about | this. loc . sg . m | all- dat . pl | through | vanity[ acc . sg ] |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | potłuk-ł-a | wszystk-ie | naczyn-ia | ze | złośc-i. |
| woman- nom . sg | break- pst - f . sg | all- acc . pl | dish- acc . pl | from2 | anger- gen . sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: w LOC
| Kobiet-a | potłuk-ł-a | wszystk-ie | naczyn-ia | w | złośc-i. |
| woman- nom . sg | break- pst - f . sg | all- acc . pl | dish- acc . pl | in | anger- loc . sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: ze wzgledu na ACC
| Kobiet-a | posz-ł-a | spa-ć | w | ubran-iu | ze | względ-u | na | zimn-o. |
| woman- nom . sg | go- pst - f . sg | sleep- inf | in | clothes- loc . sg | from2 | consideration- gen . sg | on | cold- acc . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: za ACC
| Nauczyciel | pochwali-ł | uczn-ia | za | jego | strój. |
| teacher[ nom . sg ] | praise- pst [ m . sg ] | pupil- acc . sg | for | his | suit[ acc . sg ] |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: za ACC
| Mężczyzn-a | pobi-ł | sąsiad-a | za | jego | słow-a. |
| man- nom . sg | beat- pst [ m . sg ] | neighbour- acc . sg | for | his | word- acc . pl |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | pobi-ł | sąsiad-a | z | powod-u | jego | słów. |
| man- nom . sg | beat- pst [ m . sg ] | neighbour- acc . sg | from2 | reason- gen . sg | his | word[ gen . pl ] |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his words. | ||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: o ACC
| Dziec-i | pobi-ł-y | się | o | piłk-ę. |
| child- nom . pl | beat- pst - nvir . pl | refl | about | ball- acc . sg |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: o ACC
| Mężczyzn-a | pokłóci-ł | się | z | brat-em | o | spadek. |
| man- nom . sg | argue- pst | refl | with | brother- ins . sg | about | inheritance[ acc . sg ] |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | ||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: ze wzgledu na ACC
| Kobiet-a | kupi-ł-a | książk-ę | ze | wzgled-u | na | obrazk-i. |
| woman- nom . sg | buy- pst - f . sg | book- acc . sg | from2 | consideration- gen . sg | on | picture- acc . pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | ||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Kobiet-a | odwoła-ł-a | wspóln-e | plan-y | z | powod-u | zł-ego | nastroj-u. |
| woman- nom . sg | cancel- pst - f . sg | common- acc . pl . nvir | plan- acc . pl | from2 | reason- gen . sg | bad- gen . sg . m | mood- gen . sg |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: ze wzgledu na ACC
| Kobiet-a | odwoła-ł-a | wspóln-e | plan-y | ze | względ-u | na | zł-y | nastrój. |
| woman- nom . sg | cancel- pst - f . sg | common- acc . pl . nvir | plan- acc . pl | from2 | consideration- gen . sg | on | bad- acc . sg . m | mood[ acc . sg ] |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kobiet-a | odwoła-ł-a | wspóln-e | plan-y | ponieważ | by-ł-a | w | zł-ym | nastroj-u. |
| woman- nom . sg | cancel- pst - f . sg | common- acc . pl . nvir | plan- acc . pl | because | be- pst - f . sg | in | bad- loc . sg . m | mood- loc . sg |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: sadzac po LOC
| Sądz-ąc | po | kałuż-ach, | wczoraj | w | noc-y | pada-ł-o. |
| judge- ger | by | puddle- loc . pl | yesterday | in | night- loc . sg | rain- pst - n . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: wnoszac po LOC
| Wnosz-ąc | po | kałuż-ach, | wczoraj | w | noc-y | pada-ł-o. |
| bring_in- ger | by | puddle- loc . pl | yesterday | in | night- loc . sg | rain- pst - n . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: sadzac po LOC
| Sądz-ąc | po | bąbelk-ach, | wod-a | się | gotuje. |
| judge- ger | by | bubble- loc . pl | water- nom . sg | refl | prepare. prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Chodź | do | dom-u, | bo | zimno! |
| come. imp | at | house- gen . sg | because | cold |
| Come into the house, because it is cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Gdzie | jest | mój | sweter? |
| where | be. prs .3 sg | my. nom . sg . m | sweater[ nom . sg ] |
| Where is my sweater? | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. | |||
54
Status: main; causal marker: wedlug GEN
| Według | praw-a | matematyczn-ego, | ta | liczb-a | nie | może | by-ć | mniejsz-a | niż | jeden. |
| according_to | law- gen . sg | mathematical- gen . sg . m | this. nom . sg . f | number- nom . sg | neg | be_able. prs .3 sg | be- inf | less- nom . sg . f | than | one. nom . sg |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: zgodnie z INS
| Zgodnie | z | praw-em | matematyk-i, | ta | liczb-a | nie | może | by-ć | mniejsz-a | niż | jeden. |
| concordantly | with | law- ins . sg | mathematics- gen . sg | this. nom . sg . f | number- nom . sg | neg | be_able. prs .3 sg | be- inf | less- nom . sg . f | than | one. nom . sg |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||||