Lithuanian
Contributed by Emma Geniušienė. The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Geniušienė, Emma. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Lithuanian. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Nosin-ė | sušlap-o | nuo | ašar-ų. |
| handkerchief( f )- nom . sg | get_soaked- pst .3 | from | tear( f )- gen . pl |
| The handkerchief got wet from tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Šak-a | lūž-o | nuo | svori-o. |
| branch( f )- nom . sg | break- pst .3 | from | weight( m )- gen . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Moter-is | kost-i | nuo | dūm-ų. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | cough- prs .3 | from | smoke( m )- gen . pl |
| The woman is coughing from the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Mes | ne-mato-me | krant-o | dėl | tams-os. |
| we. nom | not-see. prs -1. pl | shore( m )- gen . sg | because_of | darkness( f )- gen . sg |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: per ACC
| Žmog-ų | suėm-ė | per | klaid-ą. |
| person( m )- acc . sg | arrest- pst .3 | through | mistake( f )- acc . sg |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmog-ų | suėm-ė | dėl | klaid-os. |
| person( m )- acc . sg | arrest- pst .3 | because_of | mistake( f )- gen . sg |
| The man was arrested because of a mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Med-is | nuvirt-o | nuo | vėj-o. |
| tree( m )- nom . sg | fall- pst .3 | from | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Med-is | nuvirt-o | dėl | vėj-o. |
| tree( m )- nom . sg | fall- pst .3 | because_of | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | žuv-o | nuo | elektr-os | smūgi-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | perish- pst .3 | from | electricity( f )- gen . sg | blow( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Moter-is | prabud-o | nuo | triūkšm-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | wake_up- pst .3 | from | noise( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Vyr-ui | skaud-a | galv-ą | nuo | al-aus. |
| man( m )- dat . sg | ache- prs .3 | head( f )- acc . sg | from | beer( m )- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | pasijuok-ė | iš | šuniuk-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | have_a_laugh- pst .3 | out_of | puppy( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman had a laugh at the puppy. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Moter-is | nusijuok-ė | žiūrė-dam-a | į | šuniuk-ą. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | begin_to_laugh- pst .3 | look- sptcp - f . nom . sg | into | puppy( m )- acc . sg |
| The woman started to laugh looking at the puppy. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | nuo | nuoding-os | žuvi-es. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | from | poisonous- f . gen . sg | fish( f )- gen . sg |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Mergait-ė | yra | patenkin-t-a | savo | pažymi-u. |
| girl( f )- nom . sg | be. prs .3 | please- pst . pp - f . nom . sg | own | grade( m )- ins . sg |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: ant GEN
| Žmon-a | supyk-o | ant | vyr-o | dėl | jo | žodži-ų. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | get_angry- pst .3 | on | man( m )- gen . sg | because_of | he. gen | word( m )- gen . pl |
| The wife got angry with her husband because of his words. | ||||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmon-a | supyk-o | dėl | vyr-o | žodži-ų. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | get_angry- pst .3 | because_of | man( m )- gen . sg | word( m )- gen . pl |
| The wife got angry because of her husband's words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Berniuk-as | apsidžiaug-ė | dėl | šios | idej-os. |
| boy( m )- nom . sg | get_thrilled- pst .3 | because_of | this. f . gen . sg | idea( f )- gen . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | nusilp-o | nuo | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | get_weak- pst .3 | from | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man got weak from hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | nuo | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | from | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | iš | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | out_of | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | dėl | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | because_of | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died because of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | bad-u. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | starvation( m )- ins . sg |
| The man died starved. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | šauki-a | iš | skausm-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | scream- prs .3 | out_of | pain( m )- gen . sg |
| The man is screaming out of pain. | |||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | šauki-a | nuo | skausm-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | scream- prs .3 | from | pain( m )- gen . sg |
| The man is screaming from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Moter-is | dreb-a | nuo | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 | from | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | dreb-a | iš | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 | out_of | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | dreb-a | dėl | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 | because_of | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering because of the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Vaik-as | pravirk-o | iš | baim-ės. |
| child( m )- nom . sg | begin_to_cry- pst .3 | out_of | fear( f )- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Vaik-as | nusijuok-ė | iš | džiaugsm-o. |
| child( m )- nom . sg | begin_to_laugh- pst .3 | out_of | joy( m )- gen . sg |
| The child started to laugh out of joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Vaik-as | iš | baim-ės | pasislėp-ė | daržin-ėje. |
| child( m )- nom . sg | out_of | fear( f )- gen . sg | hide- pst .3 | barn( f )- loc . sg |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | iš | kuklum-o | niek-o | ne-pasak-ė. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | out_of | modesty( m )- gen . sg | nothing- gen | not-say- pst .3 |
| The man did not say anything out of modesty. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Žmog-us | per | kuklum-ą | niek-o | ne-pasak-ė. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | through | modesty( m )- acc . sg | nothing- gen | not-say- pst .3 |
| The man did not say anything due to his modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | iš | baim-ės | pačiup-o | brol-į | už | rank-os. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | out_of | fear( f )- gen . sg | grab- pst .3 | brother( m )- acc . sg | behind | hand( f )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s arm out of fear. | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Moter-is | pavarg-o | nuo | ilg-o | darb-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | get_tired- pst .3 | from | long- m . gen . sg | work( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman got tired from the long work. | ||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | ne-gal-i | užmig-ti | dėl | uod-ų. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | not-can- prs .3 | fall_asleep- inf | because_of | mosquito( m )- gen . pl |
| The woman cannot fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Moter-is | ne-gal-i | užmig-ti | per | uod-us. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | not-can- prs .3 | fall_asleep- inf | through | mosquito( m )- acc . pl |
| The woman cannot fall asleep due to the mosquitoes. | ||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Moter-is | ne-gal-i | užmig-ti | nuo | uod-ų. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | not-can- prs .3 | fall_asleep- inf | from | mosquito( m )- gen . pl |
| The woman cannot fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Vanduo | atrod-o | balt-as | dėl | mėnesien-os. |
| water( m ). nom . sg | seem- prs .3 | light- m . nom . sg | because_of | moonlight( f )- gen . sg |
| The water looks light because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: GEN deka
| Žmog-us | sėkmingai | pamedžioj-o | šun-s | dėka. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | successfully | hunt- pst .3 | dog( m )- gen . sg | thanks_to |
| The man hunted successfully thanks to his dog. | ||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: ant GEN
| Žmon-a | supyk-o | ant | vyr-o. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | get_angry- pst .3 | on | man( m )- gen . sg |
| The wife got angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmon-a | pavėlav-o | į | darb-ą | dėl | vyr-o. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | be_late- pst .3 | into | work( m )- acc . sg | because_of | man( m )- gen . sg |
| The wife was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Žmon-a | pavėlav-o | į | darb-ą | per | vyr-ą. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | be_late- pst .3 | into | work( m )- acc . sg | through | man( m )- acc . sg |
| The wife was late for work due to her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmon-ės | žuv-o | dėl | žem-ės | drebėjim-o. |
| person( m )- nom . pl | perish- pst .3 | because_of | earth( f )- gen . sg | quake( m )- gen . sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Vis-os | bėd-os | atsitink-a | dėl | žmog-aus. |
| all- m . nom . pl | trouble( f )- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 | because_of | person( m )- gen . sg |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Vis-os | bėd-os | atsitink-a | per | žmog-ų. |
| all- f . nom . pl | trouble( f )- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 | through | person( m )- acc . sg |
| All misfortunes happen due to people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: GEN deka
| Vyr-as | pradėj-o | geriau | maty-ti | dėka | operacij-os. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | start- pst .3 | better | see- inf | thanks_to | operation( f )- gen . sg |
| The man started to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: po GEN
| Vyr-as | pradėj-o | geriau | maty-ti | po | operacij-os. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | start- pst .3 | better | see- inf | after | operation( f )- gen . sg |
| The man started to see better after the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Dabar | žmog-us | gal-i | geriau | maty-ti | dėl | operacij-os. |
| now | person( m )- nom . sg | can- prs .3 | better | see- inf | because_of | operation( f )- gen . sg |
| Now the man can see better because of the operation. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: GEN deka
| Moter-is | gyv-a | šio | žmog-aus | dėka. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | alive- f . nom . sg | this. m . gen . sg | person( m )- gen . sg | thanks_to |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | papasakoj-o | apie | tai | žmon-ai | iš | kvailum-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | tell- pst .3 | about | that | wife( f )- dat . sg | out_of | stupidity( m )- gen . sg |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Žmog-us | papasakoj-o | apie | tai | žmon-ai | per | kvailum-ą. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | tell- pst .3 | about | that | wife( f )- dat . sg | through | stupidity( m )- acc . sg |
| The man told his wife about it by stupidity. | ||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: per ACC
| Moter-is | paslyd-o | per | neatsargum-ą. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | slip- pst .3 | through | carelessness( m )- acc . sg |
| The woman slipped by carelessness. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | paslyd-o | iš | neatsargum-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | slip- pst .3 | out_of | carelessness( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman slipped due to carelessness. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | paslyd-o | dėl | neatsargum-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | slip- pst .3 | because_of | carelessness( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: GEN deka
| Pilot-as | sugebėj-o | nutupd-yti | lektuv-ą | didel-ės | patirti-es | dėka. |
| pilot( m )- nom . sg | be_able- pst .3 | land- inf | plane( m )- acc . sg | big- f . gen . sg | experience( f )- gen . sg | thanks_to |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his solid experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Pilot-as | ne-sugebėj-o | nutupd-yti | lektuv-ą | dėl | nepatirti-es. |
| pilot( m )- nom . sg | not-be_able- pst .3 | land- inf | plane( m )- acc . sg | because_of | inexperience( f )- gen . sg |
| The pilot could not land the plane because of his inexperience. | |||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Pilot-as | ne-sugebėj-o | nutupd-yti | lektuv-ą | per | nepatyrim-ą. |
| pilot( m )- nom . sg | not-can- pst .3 | land- inf | plane( m )- acc . sg | through | inexperience( m )- acc . sg |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to inexperience. | |||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Kar-o | metu | žmon-ės | iš | bad-o | valg-ė | žol-ę. |
| war( m )- gen . sg | during | person( m )- nom . pl | out_of | starvation( m )- gen . sg | eat- pst .3 | grass( f )- acc . sg |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | įej-o | į | vid-ų | iš | smalsum-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | enter- pst .3 | into | inside( m )- acc . sg | out_of | curiosity( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | nužud-ė | žmon-ą | iš | pavyduliavim-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | kill- pst .3 | wife( f )- acc . sg | out_of | jealousy( m )- gen . sg |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | vis-iems | apie | tai | papasakoj-o | iš | tuštyb-ės. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | all- dat . pl | about | that | tell- pst .3 | out_of | vanity( f )- gen . sg |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | sudauž-ė | vis-us | ind-us | iš | pykči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | break- pst .3 | all- m . acc . pl | dish( m )- acc . pl | out_of | anger( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | atsigul-ė | mieg-oti | su | drabuži-ais | dėl | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | lie_down- pst .3 | sleep- inf | with | clothes( m )- ins . pl | because_of | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: uz ACC
| Mokytoj-as | pagyr-ė | mokin-į | už | jo | kostium-ą. |
| teacher( m )- nom . sg | praise- pst .3 | student( m )- acc . sg | for | he. gen | suit( m )- acc . sg |
| The teacher commended the student for his uniform. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: uz ACC
| Vyr-as | primuš-ė | kaimyn-ą | už | jo | žodži-us. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | beat- pst .3 | neighbour( m )- acc . sg | for | he. gen | word( m )- acc . pl |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Vyr-as | užmuš-ė | kaimyn-ą | dėl | jo | žodži-ų. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | kill- pst .3 | neighbour( m )- acc . sg | because_of | he. gen | word( m )- gen . pl |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Vaik-ai | susimuš-ė | dėl | kamuoli-o. |
| child( m )- nom . pl | have_a_fight- pst .3 | because_of | ball( m )- gen . sg |
| The children fought because of a ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Vyr-as | susipyk-o | su | broli-u | dėl | palikim-o. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | get_mad- pst .3 | with | brother( m )- ins . sg | because_of | inheritance( m )- gen . sg |
| The man argued with his brother because of the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | nusipirk-o | knyg-ą | dėl | piešini-ų. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | buy_for_oneself- pst .3 | book( f )- acc . sg | because_of | picture( m )- gen . pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | ||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | nutar-ė | ne-susitik-ti | su | draug-e | dėl | blog-os | nuotaik-os. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | decide- pst .3 | not-meet- inf | with | friend( f )- ins . sg | because_of | bad- f . gen . sg | mood( f )- gen . sg |
| The woman decided not to meet her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Nakt-į | lij-o, | visur | balut-ės. |
| night( f )- acc . sg | rain- pst .3, | everywhere | puddle( f )- nom . pl |
| It rained at night, puddles are everywhere. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Nakt-į | ly-t-a, | nes | visur | balut-ės. |
| night( f )- acc . sg | rain- pst . pp - n , | because | everywhere | puddle( f )- nom . pl |
| It seems to have rained at night, because puddles are everywhere. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vanduo | jau | užvir-ė, | nes | pradėj-o | burbuliuo-ti. |
| water( m ). nom . sg | already | boil_up- pst .3, | because | start- pst .3 | bubble- inf |
| The water is already boiling, because it started to bubble. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Vanduo | verd-a, | kyl-a | burbul-ai. |
| water( m ). nom . sg | boil- prs .3, | rise- prs .3 | bubble( m )- nom . pl |
| The water is boiling, bubbles are rising. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Užei-k | į | nam-ą, | čia | šalt-a. |
| go_to- imp .2 sg | into | house( m )- acc . sg , | here | cold- adv |
| Come into the house, it is cold here. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
52
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Užei-k | į | nam-us, | nes | šalt-a. |
| go_to- imp .2 sg | into | home( m )- acc . pl , | because | cold- adv |
| Come home, because it is cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Man | šalta, | kur | mano | megztin-is? |
| i . dat | cold- adv , | where | my | sweater( m )- nom . sg |
| I am cold, where is my sweater? | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: pagal ACC
| Šis | skaiči-us | ne-gal-i | bū-ti | maž-esn-is | už | vienet-ą | pagal | matematik-os | dėsni-us. |
| this. m . nom . sg | number( m )- nom . sg | not-can- prs .3 | be- inf | small- comp - m . nom . sg | for | unit( m )- acc . sg | according_to | mathematics( f )- gen . sg | law( m )- acc . pl |
| This number cannot be less than one according to mathematical laws. | |||||||||