Kumyk
Contributed by Natalia Logvinova (Academia.edu profile, GoogleScholar profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Logvinova, Natalia. 2023. Nominal causal constructions in Kumyk. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 12, 2023; last revised on August 12, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: abl
jawluqʼ | gʲoz'jaš-lar-dan | suw | bol-d-u |
handkerchief | tear- pl - abl | wet | become- pst -3 |
The handkerchief was wet with tears. |
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
jawluqʼ | gʲoz'jaš-lar | učun | suw | bol-d-u |
handkerchief | tear- pl | because_of | wet | become- pst -3 |
The handkerchief was wet with tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: abl
butaqʼ | awurluk-tan | syn-n-y |
branch | heaviness- abl | break- pst -3 |
The branch broke from the weight. |
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
butaqʼ | awurluk | sebepli | syn-n-y |
branch | heaviness | for_the_reason | of break- pst -3 |
The branch broke from the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | tjutjun-nen | χaχ | edi |
woman | smoke- abl | cough | be. pst .3 sg |
The woman coughs from the smoke. |
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
qʼatyn | tjutjun | sebepli | χaχ | edi |
woman | smoke | for_the_reason_of | cough | be. pst .3 sg |
The woman coughs from the smoke. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼarangylyqʼ-tan | o'zen-ni | bo-'u | gʲor-jun-me-j |
darkness- abl | river- gen | end- p _3 | see- refl - neg - npst .3 sg |
We can't see the shore because of the darkness. |
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
qʼarangylyqʼ | učun | o'zen-ni | bo-'u | gʲor-jun-me-j |
darkness | because_of | river- gen | end- p _3 | see- refl - neg - npst .3 sg |
We can't see the shore because of the darkness. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
er1 | giši-ni2 | bilmejli tut-up-lar |
man- gen 1,2 | blindly | take- cv _ perf - pl |
The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: abl
terek | el-den | tjuš-t-u' |
tree | wind- abl | fall- pst -3 sg |
The tree fell from the wind. |
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
terek | el | sebepli | tjuš-t-u' |
tree | wind | for_the_reason_of | fall- pst -3 sg |
The tree fell from the wind. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
er1 | giši2 | tok | ur-ʁan-nan gečin-e |
man1,2 | electricity | beat- pc _ pst - abl | die- npst .3 sg |
The man died from the fact that (he) was struck by an electric current. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | qʼawaʁa-dan | ajyqʼ-t-y |
woman1,2 | noise- abl | wake_up- pst -3 sg |
The woman woke up from the noise. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši-ne2 | piwo | učun | baš-y awru-j |
man- gen 1,2 | beer | because_of | head- p _3 | get_sick- npst .3 sg |
A man has a headache because of beer. |
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši-ne2 | piwo-dan | baš-y awru-j |
man- gen 1,2 | beer- abl | head- p _3 | get_sick- npst .3 sg |
A man has a headache from beer. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | it-ni | ojnaqʼlaj-ʁan-nan | kʲule-d-i |
woman | dog- gen | play- pc _ prs - abl | laugh- pst -3 sg |
The woman laughed at the way the dog was playing. |
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | it | učun | kʲule-d-i |
woman | dog | because_of | laugh- pst -3 sg |
The woman laughed at the dog. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | aʁulu | balyqʼ-tan | o'l-d-ju | eki | gʲun-nen sonʁ |
man1,2 | poisonous | fish- abl | die- pst -3 sg | two | day- abl | after |
The man died from poisonous fish two days later. |
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | aʁulu | balyqʼ | učun | o'l-d-ju | eki | gʲun-nen sonʁ |
man1,2 | poisonous | fish | because_of | die- pst -3 sg | two | day- abl | after |
The man died due to poisonous fish two days later. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: dat
qʼyz | razi | qʼyjmat-yn-a |
girl | pleased | note- p _3- dat |
The girl is satisfied with her grade. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: dat
qʼatyn | er | giši-ne | sёz-ler-i-ne | asːi bol-d-u |
woman | man- gen 1,2 | word- pl - p _3- dat | irritable | become- pst -3 sg |
The wife was angry at her husband's words. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: abl
jaš | šat | šu | ajt-ʁan | zat-dan |
child | glad | that | say- pc _ prs | case- abl |
The boy is happy with what his father told him. |
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
jaš | šat | šu | ajt-ʁan | zat | učun |
child | glad | that | say- pc _ prs | case | because_of |
The boy is happy because of what his father told him. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ-tan | osal bol-d-u |
man1,2 | famine- abl | weak | become- pst -3 sg |
The man was weak from hunger. |
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ | učun | osal bol-d-u |
man1,2 | famine | because_of | weak | become- pst -3 sg |
The man was weakened by hunger. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ-tan o'l-d-ju |
man1,2 | famine- abl | smell- pst -3 sg |
The man died of starvation. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | awruw-dan qʼyčyr-a |
man1,2 | pain- abl | scream- npst .3 sg |
The man screams in pain. |
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | awruw | učun qʼyčyr-a |
man1,2 | pain | because_of | scream- npst .3 sg |
The man screams because of the pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | suwuqʼ-tan | qʼartylla-j |
woman | cold- abl | tremble- npst .3 sg |
The woman is shivering from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
jaš | qʼorqʼ-up | jyla-d-y |
child | be_afraid- cv _ perf | cry- pst -3 sg |
The child, frightened, began to cry. | ||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
jaš | qʼorqʼuw-dan | jyla-d-y |
child | fear- abl | cry- pst -3 sg |
The child was crying out of fear. |
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
jaš | qʼorqʼuw | učun | jyla-d-y |
child | fear | because_of | cry- pst -3 sg |
The child cried out in fear. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: abl
jaš | šatlyqʼ-tan | kʲule-d-i |
child | joy- abl | laugh- pst -3 sg |
The child laughed with joy. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
jaš | qʼorqʼ-up | aran-ny | jašyn-d-y |
child | be_afraid- cv _ perf | khlev- gen | hide- pst -3 sg |
The child, frightened, hid in the barn. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
22
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | salamatlyqʼ-tan | sёz ajt-ma-d-y |
man1,2 | modesty- abl | word | speak- neg - pst -3 sg |
The man humbly remained silent. |
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | salamatlyqʼ | učun | sёz ajt-ma-d-y |
man1,2 | modesty | because_of | word | speak- neg - pst -3 sg |
The man remained silent out of modesty. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
qʼatyn | qʼorqʼ-up | qʼardaš-yn-y | qʼol-u-n | tut-t-u |
woman | be_afraid- cv _ perf | brother- p _3- gen | hand- p _3- gen | grab- pst -3 sg |
The woman, frightened, grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
24
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | iš-ten | boša-d-y |
woman | work- abl | weaken- pst -3 sg |
The woman is tired from work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | žibin-ler-den | juχla-p | bol-ma-d-y |
woman | fly- pl - abl | sleep- cv _ perf | become- neg - pst -3 sg |
The woman cannot sleep because of the flies. |
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | žibin-ler | učun | juχla-p | bol-ma-d-y |
woman | fly- pl | because_of | sleep- cv _ perf | become- neg - pst -3 sg |
The woman cannot sleep because of the flies. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
su | aj | učun | jaryqʼ | gʲor-u'n'-e |
water | moon | because_of | light | see- refl - npst .3 sg |
The water appears bright because of the moon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | oχt-ʁa | ariw | bar-d-y | it učun |
man1,2 | hunting- dat | beautiful | go- pst -3 sg | dog | because_of |
The man successfully went hunting because of the dog. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: gen
qʼatyn | er-i-ne | asːi | bol-d-u |
woman | man1,2 | irritable | become- pst -3 sg |
The wife was angry with her husband. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | iš-ge | geč | bol-d-u | er-i | učun |
woman | work- dat | late | become- pst -3 sg | man- p _3 | because_of |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
adam-lar | terbeniw | učun | 'ol-d-ju |
man- pl | earthquake | because_of | die- pst -3 sg |
People died because of the earthquake. |
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
adam-lar | terbeniw-den | 'ol-d-ju |
man- pl | earthquake- abl | die- pst -3 sg |
People died because of the earthquake. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
bary | qʼyjynlyqʼ-lar | adam | učun | bol-a |
all | difficulty- pl | human1,2 | because_of | become- npst .3 sg |
All troubles are caused by people. |
32
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | ariw | gʲore-ʁen | bol-d-u | operacija učun |
man1,2 | beautiful | see- pc _ prs | become- pst -3 sg | surgery | because_of |
The man began to see better due to the operation. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | saw | qʼal-d-y | er | giši učun |
woman | alive | stay- pst -3 sg | man1,2 | because_of |
The woman is alive because of this man. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | qʼatyn | qʼaʁlyqʼ | učun ajt-t-y |
man1,2 | woman | stupidity | because_of | speak- pst -3 sg |
The man told his wife about this out of stupidity. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | χantawluqʼ-tan | syrʁala-d-y |
woman | heedlessness- abl | slip- pst -3 sg |
The woman slipped from heedlessness. |
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | χantawluqʼ | učun | syrʁala-d-y |
woman | heedlessness | because_of | slip- pst -3 sg |
The woman slipped due to heedlessness. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
pilot | samolet-nu | oltu-t-t-u | jaχšy | bil-eʁen | učun' |
pilot | airplane- gen | sit- caus - pst -3 sg | good | know- pc _ prs | because_of |
The pilot was able to land the plane because he knew (everything) well. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: abl
pilot | samolet-nu | oltu-t-ma-d-y | bilmejgenlik-ten |
pilot | airplane- gen | sit- caus - neg - pst -3 sg | ignorance- abl |
The pilot was unable to land the plane out of ignorance. |
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
pilot | samolet-nu | oltu-t-ma-d-y | bilmejgenlik | učun |
pilot | airplane- gen | sit- caus - neg - pst -3 sg | ignorance | because_of |
The pilot was unable to land the plane due to ignorance. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: abl
daw | zaman-na | adam-lar | ačlyqʼ-dan | ot | aša-j | et-d-i |
war | time- gen | man- pl | famine- abl | grass | eat- npst .3 sg | be. pst .3 sg |
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. |
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
daw | zaman-na | adam-lar | ačlyqʼ | učun | ot | aša-j | et-d-i |
war | time- gen | man- pl | famine | because_of | grass | eat- npst .3 sg | be. pst .3 sg |
During the war, people ate grass because of hunger. |
39
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | kʲop | bil-meqʼ | sjuegen-in-den | ičge | gir-d-e |
woman | much | know- inf | loving- p _3- abl | inside | enter- pst -3 sg |
The woman went inside because she wanted to know a lot. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | gʲullew-un-an | qʼatyn-yn 'oltjur-d-u' |
man1,2 | envy- p _3- abl | woman- p _3. gen | kill- pst -3 sg |
A man killed his wife out of jealousy. |
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | gʲullew-un | učun | qʼatyn-yn 'oltjur-d-u' |
man1,2 | envy- p _3 | because_of | woman- p _3. gen | kill- pst -3 sg |
A man killed his wife out of jealousy. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: abl
er1 | giši2 | χoχajlyqʼ-tan | bary-na=da χabarla-d-y |
man1,2 | arrogance- abl | all- gen = add | tell- pst -3 sg |
The man told everyone about it out of pride. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | asːilik-dan | sawut-la-ny | syndyr-d-y |
woman | anger- abl | vessel- pl - gen | break- pst -3 sg |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | asːilik | učun | sawut-la-ny | syndyr-d-y |
woman | anger | because_of | vessel- pl - gen | break- pst -3 sg |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: abl
qʼatyn | gijin-ip | juχla-d-y | suwuqʼluqʼ-tan |
woman | dress- cv _ perf | fall_asleep- pst -3 sg | cold- abl |
The woman went to bed dressed for the cold. |
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | gijin-ip | juχla-d-y | suwuqʼluqʼ | učun |
woman | dress- cv _ perf | fall_asleep- pst -3 sg | cold | because_of |
The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: gen
muallim | jaš-ny | maqʼta-d-y | gijin | ustju-ne |
teacher | child- gen | praise- pst -3 sg | dressed | suit- gen |
The teacher praised the student for his costume. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
er1 | giši2 | χonšu-sun | pakala-d-y | jaman | sёz-ler-i učun |
man1,2 | neighbour- p _3. gen | beat- pst -3 sg | bad | word- pl - p _3 | because_of |
A man beat a neighbor for his bad words. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
jaš-lar | top | učun' kyryl-d-y |
child- pl | ball | because_of |
The kids fought over the ball. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
er | giši | qʼardaš-i | bulan | eriš-ip | aqʼča učun |
man1,2 | brother- p _3 | with | argue- cv _ perf | money | because_of |
A man quarreled with his brother over money. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | kitap-ny | al-dy | curat-la-ny | učun |
woman1,2 | book- gen | take- pst | drawing- pl - gen | because_of |
The woman bought this book because of the drawings. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
qʼatyn | qʼurdaš | qʼatyn | bulan | gʲorjun-me-d-i | jaman | kep-i učun |
woman1,2 | girlfriend | with | see- neg - pst -3 sg | badly | mood- p _3 | because_of |
The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: gore
kaw-la-ʁa | gʲore | geče | jangur | edi |
puddle- pl - dat | according_to | night | rain | be. pst .3 sg |
Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: gore
gʲobjuk-le-ge | gʲore | su | qʼajna-d-y |
bubble- pl - dat | according_to | water | boil- pst -3 sg |
Judging by the bubbles, the water has already boiled. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
gir | u'j-ge | jaʁa-da | suwuqʼ-ny |
go. imp | house- dat | end- loc | cold |
Come inside, it's cold outside. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
qʼajda | meni | žilet-im | maʁa | suwuqʼ |
where | i . gen | vest- p _1 sg | i . dat | cold |
Where is my sweater, am I cold. | ||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: gore
šu | sanaw | bir-den | az | bol-ma | bol-ma-j | matematika-da-ʁy | zakon-ʁa | gʲore |
this | number | one- abl | big | become- inf | become- neg - npst .3 sg | mathematics- loc - adj | law- dat | according_to |
This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. |