Khanty (Northern)
Contributed by Anastasia Dmitrieva. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Dmitrieva, Anastasia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Khanty (Northern). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on January 10, 2023; last revised on January 10, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| uχšam-en | sɛm | jiŋk | ewəλt | puš-s-a |
| handkerchief- poss .2 sg | eye | water | from | get_wet- pst - pass |
| The handkerchief got wet from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| nʉw-en | šʉkat-əs | λawərt | ewəλt |
| branch- poss .2 sg | break- pst | heavy | from |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| nʉw-en | šʉkat-əs | λawərt | păta |
| branch- poss .2 sg | break- pst | heavy | for |
| The branch broke from <something> heavy. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| imi | pɵseŋ | ewəλt | χɵλλˊ-əλ |
| woman | smoke | from | cough- npst |
| The woman is coughing from the smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| imi | pɵseŋ | păta | χɵλλˊ-əλ |
| woman | smoke | for | cough- npst |
| The woman is coughing from the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| patλam | păta | juχan | kiməλ | ăn | kă-λ |
| darkness | for | river | coast | neg | be_visible- npst |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| tăm | ikɛ-n | katəλ-s-a | juwra | wɛr | păta |
| this | man- poss .2 sg | catch- pst - pass | wrong | matter | for |
| The man was arrested because of a mistake. | |||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| jʉχ-en | răkn-əs | wot | ewəλt |
| tree- poss .2 sg | fall- pst | wind | from |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| ik-en | imuχti | χătś-əm | ut | ewəλt | iλ | răkn-əs |
| man- poss .2 sg | immediately | hit- nfin . pst | object | from | down | fall- pst |
| The man fell from the object that hit him. | ||||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| imi | nuχ | wɛrλ-əs | sij | ewəλt |
| woman | up | wake_up- pst | noise | from |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| piwo | ewəλt | ik-en | uχ-əλ | kaši |
| beer | from | man- poss .2 sg | head- poss .3 sg | sick |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | ńăχχət-əs | aj | amp | păta |
| woman | start_to_laugh- pst | little | dog | for |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| iki | ăntɵm-a | ji-s | atəm | tuλəχ | ewəλt |
| man | neg . ex - dat | become- pst | bad | mushroom | from |
| The man died from a poisonous mushroom. | |||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| iki | ăntɵm-a | ji-s | atəm | tuλəχ | păta |
| man | neg . ex - dat | become- pst | bad | mushroom | for |
| The man died from a poisonous mushroom. | |||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| ewije | amt-əλ | jăm | otsenka | păta |
| girl | rejoice- npst | good | grade | for |
| The girl is happy with her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | λik-a | ji-s | ik-əλ | lup-əm | jasəŋ | păta |
| wife | anger- dat | become- pst | husband- poss .3 sg | say- nfin . pst | word | for |
| The wife got angry because of the words her husband said. | ||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| aj | iki | śi | jasəŋ | ewəλt | nuχ | amt-əs |
| little | man | dem | word | from | up | rejoice- pst |
| The boy was thrilled by these words. | ||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iki | λɛλi | wɵλ-man | śomλi | pit-əs |
| man | hungry | live- cvb | weak | become- pst |
| The man got weak, starving. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iki | λɛλi | wɵλ-man | surm-a | ji-s |
| man | hungry | live- cvb | death- dat | become- pst |
| The man died, starving. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | kašimɵš | păta | ʉwt-əλ |
| man | sickness | for | scream- npst |
| The man is screaming out of pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi-jen | tori-jəλ | iški | păta |
| woman- poss .2 sg | shiver- npst | cold | for |
| The woman is shivering from cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: ewelt
| imi-jen | tori-jəλ | iški | ewəλt |
| woman- poss .2 sg | shiver- npst | cold | from |
| The woman is shivering from cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ńawrɛm | pakən-man | χoλλəp-a | pit-əs |
| child | get_scared- cvb | cry- dat | become- pst |
| The child got scared and began to cry. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ńawrɛm | amət-man | nuχ | ńăχat-əs |
| child | rejoice- cvb | up | laugh- pst |
| The child rejoiced and started to laugh. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ńawrɛm-ije | nuχ | pakən-man | soχəλ | χot-a | χăńɛmə-s |
| child- dim | up | get_scared- cvb | plank | house- dat | hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | ńumša-jəλ | păta | χөsλa | wɵ-s |
| man | modest- poss .3 sg | for | tacitly | be- pst |
| The man did not say anything out of modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| imi | pakən-man | jaj-əλ | još-əλ | katλəm-s-əλλe |
| woman | get_scared- cvb | brother- poss .3 sg | hand- poss .3 sg | grab- pst -3 sg > nsg |
| The woman got scared and grabbed her brothers arm. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| imi | rɵpata | ewəλt | wewλi | pit-əs |
| woman | work | from | tired | become- pst |
| The woman got tired from the long work. | ||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | pɛλŋa | păta | ăn | wujəm-λ-a |
| woman | mosquito | for | neg | fall_asleep- npst - pass |
| The woman is not falling asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| jiŋk | tiλəš | păta | nuwi-ja | wantəs-əλ |
| water | moon | for | light- dat | look- npst |
| The water looks light because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | jăma | wɵntijəλ-əs | amp-əλ | păta |
| man | well | hunt- pst | dog- poss .3 sg | for |
| The man hunted successfully thanks to his dog. | ||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: pela
| im-en | ik-əλ | pɛλ-a | λikaś-əs |
| woman- poss .2 sg | man- poss .3 sg | to_side- dat | get_angry- pst |
| The wife got angry at her husband. | |||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| im-en | ik-əλ | păta | λikaś-əs |
| woman- poss .2 sg | man- poss .3 sg | for | get_angry- pst |
| The wife got angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | ik-əλ | păta | rɵpata-jəλ-a | ewəλt | juχi | χăš-əs |
| woman | man- poss .3 sg | for | work- poss .3 sg - dat | from | home | stay- pst |
| The wife was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| mir | tʉt | ewəλt | surm-a | ji-s-ət |
| people | fire | from | death- dat | become- pst -3 pl |
| People died because of the fire. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| isa | šөk-λ-an | pit-ti | ji-λ-ət | mir | păta |
| uq | misery- pl - poss .2 sg | happen- inf | become- npst -3 pl | people | for |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: ewelt
| isa | šөk-λ-an | pit-ti | ji-λ-ət | mir | ewəλt |
| uq | misery- pl - poss .2 sg | happen- inf | become- npst -3 pl | people | from |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| ik-en-a | jăma | kăλ-ti | pit-əs | operatsija | păta |
| man- poss .2 sg - dat | well | see- inf | become- pst | surgery | for |
| The man started to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | tăλaŋ-a-jăm-a | wɵ-λ | śi | ik-en | păta |
| woman | sane- dat -good- dat | live- npst | dem | man- poss .2 sg | for |
| The woman is safe and sound thanks to that man. | |||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | śit | lup-əs | utšam-əλ | păta |
| man | that_one | say- pst | stupid- poss .3 sg | for |
| The man told <someone> about it out of stupidity. | ||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| tum | im-en | ăn | λawλəsijəλ-t-aλ | păta | iλ | wuśləmt-əs |
| that | woman- poss .2 sg | neg | beware- nfin . npst -3 sg | for | down | slip- pst |
| The woman slipped by carelessness. | ||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| tɵs | tăj-t-aλ | păta | χop-əλ | wɛr-s-əλλe |
| skillful | have- nfin . npst -3 sg | for | boat- poss .3 sg | make- pst -3 sg > nsg |
| He was able to repair the boat due to his skillfulness. | ||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| tɵs | ăn | tăj-t-aλ | păta | χop-əλ | ăn | wɛr-s-əλλe |
| skillful | neg | have- nfin . npst -3 sg | for | boat- poss .3 sg | neg | make- pst -3 sg > nsg |
| He was not able to repair the boat due to his lack of skills. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| λaλˊ | pura-jən | mir | λɛλi | wɵλ-man | turn-a | pit-s-ət |
| war | time- loc | people | hungry | live- cvb | grass- dat | become- pst -3 pl |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | ɵməś | păta | śiw | λuŋ-əs |
| woman | nice | for | there | enter- pst |
| The woman went inside out of pleasure. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | im-əλ | sɛŋk-s-əλλe | λik | păta |
| man | woman- poss .3 sg | beat- pst -3 sg > nsg | anger | for |
| The man beat his wife out of anger. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | śi | oλəŋ-ən | putərt-əs | iškaś-t-aλ | păta |
| man | dem | about- loc | tell- pst | boast- nfin . npst -3 sg | for |
| The man told about it out, boasting. | |||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| in | nɛŋ-en | λikaś-m-əλ | păta | an-λ-aλ | šʉk-a | sɛŋk-s-əλλe |
| dem . anim | woman- poss .2 sg | get_angry- nfin . pst -3 sg | for | cup- pl - poss .3 sg | part- dat | break- pst -3 sg > nsg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | λɵmətsuχ-λ-aλ-ən | uλ-əλ | iśki | păta |
| woman | clothes- pl - poss .3 sg - loc | sleep- npst | cold | for |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| učitel-en | iśək-s-əλλe | ńawrɛm-əλ | λɵmətsuχ-λ-aλ | păta |
| teacher- poss .2 sg | commend- pst -3 sg > nsg | child- poss .3 sg | clothes- pl - poss .3 sg | for |
| The teacher commended the student for his uniform. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| ik-en | sɛŋk-s-əλλe | wanən | wɵλ-ti | χɵ-jəλ | jasəŋ-λ-aλ | păta |
| man- poss .2 sg | beat- pst -3 sg > nsg | close | live- inf | person- poss .3 sg | word- pl - poss .3 sg | for |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | ||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| ńawrɛm-ət | mačuk-eλ | păta | kʉla1 pit2-s-ət |
| child- pl | ball- poss .3 sg | for | start_to_fight1,2- pst -3 pl |
| The children fought because of the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | kʉtəŋa1 | ji2-s | jaj-əλ | piλa | purməs-ət păta |
| man | argue1,2- pst | brother- poss .3 sg | with | property- pl | for |
| The man argued with his brother because of the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | tăm | kinška-jəλ | χur-λ-aλ | păta | λɵt-s-əλλe |
| woman | this | book- poss .3 sg | picture- pl - poss .3 sg | for | buy- pst -3 sg > nsg |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | wɛwtam | nums-əλ | păta | woš-ă | ăn | măn-s |
| woman | bad | thought- poss .3 sg | for | city- dat | neg | go- pst |
| The woman did not go to the city because of her bad thoughts. | ||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| jiŋk | lοt | ewəλt | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | from | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| jiŋk | lοt | păta | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | for | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: siren
| jiŋk | lοt | śirən | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | according_to | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: untasen
| jiŋk | lοt | untas-ən | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | help- loc | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| jiŋk | sɛm | ewəλt | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | from | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| jiŋk | sɛm | păta | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | for | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: siren
| jiŋk | sɛm | śirən | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | according_to | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: untasen
| jiŋk | sɛm | untas-ən | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | help- loc | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: siren
| tăm | čislaj-en | matematičeskij | zakon | śirən | it | kińśa | šiməλ=šək | ăn | wɵ-λ |
| this | number- poss .2 sg | mathematical | law | according_to | one | than | little= att | neg | be- npst |
| This number cannot be less than one according to mathematical laws. | |||||||||