Kazakh
Contributed by Anastasia Zhuk. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Zhuk, Anastasia. 2023. Nominal causal constructions in Kazakh. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 13, 2023; last revised on February 13, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| oramal | köz | žas-ï-nan | sw | bol-dï |
| handkerchief. nom | eye. nom | tear- poss 3- abl | water. nom | be- pst .3 sg |
| The handkerchief was wet from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: NOM sebebinen
| aɣaš | awïr-ï-lïq | sebeb-i-nen | sïn-ïp | ket-ti |
| tree. nom | heavy- poss 3- nmlz | cause- poss 3- abl | break- cbv | go- pst .3 sg |
| The tree broke from the weight. | ||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| bir | äyel | tüt-i-niŋ | kesir-i-nen | žöter-il-ip | žatïr |
| one | woman. nom | smoke- poss 3- abl | cause- poss 3- abl | cough- pass - cvb | lie. prs 2.3 sg |
| The woman coughs because of the smoke. | |||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| biz | sw | boy-ï-n | qara-nɣï-lïq-tan | kör-me-y | tur-mïz |
| we | water. nom | coast- poss 3- acc | black- adj - nmlz - abl | see- neg - cvb | stand. prs 2-1 pl |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| keybir | adam-dï | durïs | emes | sebep-ter-den | tutqïn-ɣa | al-dï |
| some | person- acc | correct | neg 2 | cause- pl - abl | prison- dat | take- pst .3 sg |
| A man was taken to prison because of a mistake (because of a wrong reason) | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| aɣaš | žel-den | qula-dï |
| tree. nom | wind- abl | fall- pst 1.3 sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| keybir | adam | tok-qa | ur-ïl-ïp | qaza1 tap2-tï |
| some | person. nom | current- dat | hit- pass - cvb | die1,2- pst .3 sg |
| A man died from being electrocuted. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | šw-dan oya-n-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | noise- abl | wake_up- refl - pst 1.3 sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam-nïŋ2 | bas-ï | sïra-dan | awïr-ïp tur |
| man1,2- gen | head- poss .3 | beer- abl | hurt- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| A man had a headache from beer. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| äyel1 | adam2 | iyt-tiŋ | iste-gi-ni | külk-il-ip | bol-ïp tab-ïl-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | dog- gen | do- nmlz - acc | laugh- pass - cvb | be- cvb | find- pass - pst .3 sg |
| The woman started laughing at what the puppy was doing. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence | |||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| er1 | adam2 | ulï | balïq | že-p qaza3 tap4-tï |
| man1,2. nom | poisonous | fish. acc | eat- cvb | die3,4- pst .3 sg |
| The man died having eaten poisonous fish. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| qïz | öz-i-niŋ | baɣa-sï-na | kelisti |
| girl. nom | own- poss .3- gen | note- poss 3- dat | satisfied |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||
13
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| äyel-i | küyew-i-niŋ | ayt-qan | söz-i-ne | žïnï | kel-di |
| wife- poss .3 | husband- poss .3- gen | say- perf | word- poss .3- dat | angry | come- pst .3 sg |
| The wife was angry at the words her husband said . | |||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kiškentay | bala | äke-si-ni | ayt-qan | söz-i-ne | qwa-n-ïp | tur |
| little | child. gen | father- poss .3- acc | say- perf | word- poss .3- dat | please- refl - cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The boy was delighted with the words that his father said. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence | ||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| bala | aš-tïq-tan | äl-siz | bol-ïp | tur |
| child. nom | hungry- nmlz - abl | force- car | be- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The child was weak from hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam2 | aš-tïq-tan qaza3 tap4-tï |
| man1,2. nom | hungry- nmlz - abl | die3,4- pst .3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam2 | awïrs-ïn-w-ndan | ayqayla-p tur |
| man1,2. nom | feel_pain- refl - inf - abl | cry- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | swïq-tan | tirilde-p tur |
| woman1,2. nom | cold- abl | shiver- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| kiškentay | bala | qorqïnïš-tan | žïla-p | tur |
| little | child. nom | fear- abl | cry- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The child started crying in fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| kiškentay | bala | qwanïš-tan | kül-ip | tur |
| little | child. nom | joy- abl | laugh- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| kiškentay | bala | qorq-ïn-ïš-tan | saray-da | tïɣ-ïl-ïp | tur |
| little | child. nom | fear- refl - nmlz - abl | barn- loc | hide- pass - cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam2 | qarapayïmdï-lïɣ-ï-nan | ünde-me-y tur |
| man1,2. nom | shy- nmlz - poss .3- abl | sound- neg - cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The man keeps silent out of modesty. | |||
23
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | qorq-ïn-ïš-tan | aɣa-sï-nïn | qol-ïn | usta-p al-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | fear- refl - nmlz - abl | brother- poss .3- abl | hand- acc | hold- cvb | take- pst .3 sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | žumïs-tan | šaš-ïp tur |
| woman1,2. nom | work- abl | get_tired- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| äyel1 | adam2 | masa-nïŋ | kesirinen | uyïqta-y | al-ma-y žatïr |
| woman1,2. nom | mosquito- gen | because_of | sleep- cvb | take- neg - cvb | lie. prs 2.3 sg |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| sw | ay-dïŋ | säwle-si-men | žarïq | bol-ïp | tur |
| water. nom | moon- gen | light- poss .3- com | light | be- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The water appears light because of the moon. | |||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: GEN arqasinda
| er1 | adam2 | iyt-tiŋ | arqasïnda | aŋšwlïq-qa | sät-ti | bar-ïp | kel-di |
| man1,2. nom | dog- gen | due | to | hunting- dat | luck- adj | go- cvb | come- pst .3 sg |
| The man was lucky in hunting thanks to the dog. | |||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| äyel1 | adam2 | küyew-i-ne ašwlan-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | husband- poss .3- dat | get_angry- pst .3 sg |
| The wife is angry with her husband. | ||
29
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| äyel | küyew-i-niŋ | kesirinen | žumïs-qa | kešik-ti |
| woman. nom | husband- poss .3- gen | because_of | work- dat | be_late- pst .3 sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| adam-dar | žer | silk-in-is-niŋ | kesirinen | qay-ïp | bol-dï |
| person. nom - pl | ground | shake- refl - poss .3- acc | because_of | die- cvb | be- pst .3 sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| qïyïn-šïq-tar | adam-dar-dïŋ | kesirinen | bol-ïp | žatïr |
| difficult- nmlz - pl | person- pl - gen | because_of | be- cvb | lie. prs 2.3 sg |
| All the difficulties are due to people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: GEN arqasinda
| er | adam | operaсiyya | arqasïnda | köz-i | žaqsï | kör-ip | basta-dï |
| man1,2. nom | surgery. gen | due | to | eye- poss .3 | well | see- cvb | begin- pst .3 sg |
| The man started to see good becaause of the operation. | |||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: GEN arqasinda
| äyel1 | adam2 | er3 | adam-nïŋ4 | arqasïnda aman5 qal-dï6 |
| woman1,2. nom | man3,4. gen | due | to | survive5,6- pst .3 sg |
| The woman survived thanks to this man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| er1 | adam2 | aqïmaq-tïq-pen | äyel-i-ne | ayt-ïp qoy-dï |
| man1,2. nom | stupid- nmlz - com | woman- poss .3- dat | say- cvb | put- pst .3 sg |
| The man stupidly told this to his wife. | ||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | abay-sïz-dïq-tan | tay-ïp ket-ti |
| woman1,2. nom | careful- car - nmlz - abl | slip- cvb | go_away- pst .3 sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: GEN arqasinda
| ušqïš | öz-i-niŋ | ülken | täžiribe-si-niŋ | arqasïnda | ušaq-tï | qondïr-dï |
| pilot. nom | own- poss .3- gen | big | experience- poss .3- gen | due | plane- acc | land- pst .3 sg |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his great experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| ušqïš | täžiribe-si-niŋ | žoq-tïɣ-ï-nïŋ | kesirinen | ušaq-tï | qondïr-a | al-ma-dï |
| pilot. nom | experience- poss .3- gen | lack- nmlz - poss .3- gen | because_of | plane- acc | land- cvb | give- neg - pst .3 sg |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane because of lack of experience. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| soɣïz | kez-i-nde | adam-dar | aš-tïq-tïŋ | kesirinen | šöp | že-gen |
| war. nom | period- poss .3- loc | person- pl | hungry- nmlz - gen | because_of | grass. acc | eat- perf |
| In wartime, people ate grass because they were hungry. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | qïzïɣ-w-šï-lïq-pen | iš-ke kir-di |
| woman1,2. nom | be_curiuos- inf - adj - nmlz - abl | inside- dat | enter- pst .3 sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||
40
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam2 | äyel-in | qïzɣan-šï-lïq-tan | öltir-ip qoy-dï |
| man1,2. nom | wife- acc | be_jealous- adj - nmlz - abl | kill- cvb | put- pst .3 sg |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| er1 | adam2 | bäri-ne | täkqapbarlïɣ-ï-nïŋ | kesirinen | ayt-ïp qoy-dï |
| man1,2. nom | all- dat | vanity- poss .3- gen | because_of | say- cvb | put- pst .3 sg |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| ašw-lïq-pen | äyel1 | adam2 | ïdïs1-ayaq2-tï | sïndïr-ïp tasta-dï |
| jealous- nmlz - com | woman1,2. nom | dish1,2- acc | break- cvb | throw- pst .3 sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | swïq-tan | kiyim-i-nde | uyïqta-p qal-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | cold- abl | clothes- poss .3- loc | sleep- cvb | stay- pst .3 sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: NOM usin
| oqwšï-nï | muɣalim | kiyin1 | kostyum-i2 | üšin maqta-dï |
| student- acc | teacher. nom | suit1,2- poss .3 | for | be_proud- pst .3 sg |
| The teacher praised the student for his suit. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: NOM usin
| er1 | adam2 | korši-si-n | ayt-qan | söz-i | üšin | ur-ïp tasta-dï |
| man1,2. nom | neighbour- poss .3 | say- perf | word- poss .3 | for | hit- cvb | throw- pst .3 sg |
| A man beat the neighbor because of the words that he said. | ||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: NOM usin
| bala-lar | dop | üšin | talas-ïp | qal-dï |
| child- pl . nom | ball. nom | for | fight- cvb | stay- pst .3 sg |
| The kids fought over the ball. | ||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: NOM usin
| er1 | adam2 | aɣa-sï-men | murager-lik | üšin | urs-ïp qal-dï |
| man1,2. nom | brother- poss .3- com | legacy- nmlz | for | argue- cvb | stay- pst .3 sg |
| A man quarreled with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: NOM usin
| äyel1 | adam2 | mïnaw | kitap-tï | iši-nde-gi | süret-ter | üšin | sat-ïp al-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | this | book- acc | inside- loc - adj | picture- pl | for | buy- cvb | take- pst .3 sg |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| äyel1 | adam2 | öz-i-niŋ | žaman | könil-küy-i-niŋ | kesirinen | qurbï-sï-men kezdes-pe-di |
| woman1,2. nom | own- poss .3- gen | bad | mood- poss .3- gen | because_of | friend- poss .3- com | meet- neg - pst .3 sg |
| The woman didn't want to meet her friend because the bad mood. | ||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| balšïq-ta | qara-ɣan-da | tün-de | žaŋbïr | žaw-ɣan |
| puddle- dat | look- perf - loc | night- loc | rain. nom | pour- perf |
| Looking at the puddles, (it can be said that) it was raining at night. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| köpiršik-ter-ge | qara-ɣan-da | sw | qayna-ɣan |
| bubble- pl - dat | look- perf - loc | water. nom | boil- perf |
| Looking at the bubbles, (it can be said that) the water has boiled. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| dala | swïq, | üy-ge | kir |
| street. loc | cold | house- dat | enter. imp |
| It's cold outside, come into the house! | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| meniŋ | žempir-im | qayda? |
| my | sweater- poss .1 sg | where |
| Where is my sweater? | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. | ||
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| bul | san | matematiyka-lïq | bir-lik-ten | az | bolmaw | tiyiz |
| this | number. nom | math- adv | one- nmlz - abl | little | be- neg - inf | impossible |
| Mathematically, this number can not be less than one. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||||||