Karelian
Contributed by Irena Gorbunova (Academia.edu profile), Eva Poliakova, and Polina Smetkina. The data were gathered in 2022. They represent the Southern Ludic dialect of Karelian.
How to cite
Gorbunova, Irina, Eva Poliakova, and Polina Smetkina. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Karelian. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: AD
| l‘igot‘ | paik | it‘ku-l |
| get_wet. pst | handkerchief | tear- ad |
| The handkerchief soaked from tears. | ||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| paika-an’e | märgästu-i | küünge-n | perad |
| handkerchief- dim | get_wet- pst | tear- gen | because_of |
| The handkerchief soaked from tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| puu | murenz‘ | d‘üge-mi-št |
| tree | break. pst | heavy- nmlz - in |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
3
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| akk | r‘ügü-b | savu-s |
| woman | cough-3 sg | smoke- in |
| The wifeis coughing because of the smoke. | ||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| in’ehmu | r’ügü-b | tabako-n | savu-n | perad |
| woman | cough-3 sg | табак- gen | smoke- gen | because_of |
| The wifeis coughing because of the tobacco smoke. | ||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: tahte GEN
| in‘ehmu | r‘ügi-b | savu-n | tähte |
| woman | cough-3 sg | smoke- gen | because_of |
| The wifeis coughing because of the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| myö | e-m | nägü-da | randa-d | pimeda-n | tähte |
| 1 pl | neg -1 pl | appear- inf | shore- part | darkness- gen | because_of |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: IN
| pimeda-s | hüü | e-i | näge-ta-ze | toine | rand |
| darkness- in | 3 pl | neg -3 | see-3 pl . prs -3 pl | other | shore |
| In the dark, they can't see the other side. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužika-n | aristui-ti-he | ošibka-s |
| man- gen | arrest-3 pl . pst -3 pl | mistake- in |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: AD
| puu | langez‘ | tuul‘e-l |
| tree | fall. pst | wind- ad |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužik | kuul‘ | toka-s |
| man | kill. pst | electricity- in |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||
8
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| akk | nouz-i | šuma-spiä |
| woman | wake_up- pst | noise- el |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: TRANS
| akk | om | nouz-mu | šuma-ks |
| woman | be.3 sg | stand_up- ptcp . act | noise- trans |
| The wife woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: tahte GEN
| in‘ehmu | haraštu-i | šume-n | tähte |
| woman | wake_up- pst | noise- gen | because_of |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužika-l | piva-s | kibišta-b | piä |
| man- ad | beer- in | hurt-3 sg | head |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| mužika-l | kibišta-b | piä-n | pivo-spiä |
| man- ad | hurt-3 sg | head- gen | beer- el |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| akk | nagra-b | koira-n | lapse-s |
| woman | laugh-3 sg | dog- gen | child- in |
| The woman giggles at the puppy. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužik | kuul‘ | paha-n | kala-s |
| man | kill. pst | bad- gen | fish- in |
| The man died from a bad fish. | |||
12
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| akk | verdu-i | mužika-n | sana-s |
| woman | get_angry- pst | man- gen | word- in |
| The woman was angry because of the words of her husband. | |||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| akk | verdu-i | ukko-n | piä-le |
| woman | get_angry- pst | husband- gen | on- all |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| prihač | om | ilo-s | tuata-n | sana-s |
| boy | be.3 sg | joy- in | father- gen | word- in |
| The boy is delighted with his father's words. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: AD
| mal´čik | om | ihastuksii-š | tä-l | ideja-l |
| boy | be.3 sg | delight- in | this- ad | idea- ad |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| mužik | om | väge-nu | s‘üi-miš-ta |
| man | be.3 sg | become_weak- act . ptcp | eat- nmlz - kar |
| The man became weak without food. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužik | kuul’-i | näl’ga-s |
| man | kill- pst | hunger- in |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| mužik | kuul‘ | s‘üi-miš-ta |
| man | kill. pst | eat- nom - kar |
| The man died without food. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužik | heika-b | kibeda-s |
| man | scream-3 sg | pain- in |
| The man screams in pain. | ||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| mužik | heika-b | gor´a-l | piä-s |
| man | scream-3 sg | sorrow- ad | from- in |
| The man screams in grief. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| akk | säriža-b | vilu-spiä |
| woman | tremble-3 sg | cold- el |
| The woman is shivering because of the cold. | ||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: IN
| akk | särääda-b | vilu-st |
| woman | tremble-3 sg | cold- in |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| laps | it‘ko-b | varu-s |
| child | cry-3 sg | fear- in |
| The child is crying in fear. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| laps | nagra-b | ilo-s |
| child | laugh-3 sg | joy- in |
| The child laughs with joy. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| laps | varu-s | peitu-i-že | saraja-s |
| child | fear- in | hide- pst - med | barn- in |
| The child hid in the shed out of fear. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| akk | varu-s | ot‘ | vel‘l‘e-n | käde-s |
| woman | fear- in | take. pst | brother- gen | hand- in |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| akk | vägez’ | ruado-s |
| woman | get_tired. pst | work- in |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| akk | viäzu-i | ruado-spiä |
| woman | get_tired- pst | work- el |
| The woman is tired because of work. | ||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| inehmuu | viäzu-i | ruado-n | perad |
| woman | get_tired- pst | work- gen | because_of |
| The woman is tired because of work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| akk | e-i | voi | uino-ta | s‘iäsk-i-n | tähte |
| woman | neg -3 | can | fall_asleep- inf | mosquito- pl - gen | because_of |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| inehmuu | e-i | voi | uin-da | siäske-n | perad |
| woman | neg -3 | can | fall_asleep- inf | mosquito- gen | because_of |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| vez‘i | om | valgei | kuu-spiä |
| water | be.3 sg | light | moon- el |
| The water is light because of the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: tahte GEN
| vez‘i | n‘ägu-b | vauged | kuulma-že-n | tähte |
| water | appear-3 sg | light | луна- dim - gen | because_of |
| The water appears light because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| mužik | udačno | käve-i | ohota-le | koira-n | tähte |
| man | successfully | go- pst | hunt- all | dog- gen | because_of |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | |||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: IN
| häin | tä-s | koira-s | hüvä | om | käv‘e-nu | ohota-le |
| 3 sg | this- in | dog- in | good | be.3 sg | go- act . ptcp | hunt- all |
| He was good at hunting thanks to this dog. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: piale GEN
| akk | verdu-i | mužika-n | piä-le |
| woman | get_angry- pst | husband- gen | on- all |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| häin | mühästu-i | ruada-le | ukko-n | tähte |
| 3 sg | be_late- pst | work- all | husband- gen | because_of |
| She was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| akk | müöhästu-i | ruado-le | mihe-n | perad |
| woman | be_late- pst | work- all | husband | because_of |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| rahvas | kuul‘-t-he | mua-n | träsin-dan | tähte |
| people | die-3 pl . pst -3 pl | ground- gen | shaking- gen . pl | because_of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| kaik | b‘eda-d | mäno-ba | rahva-n | tähte |
| all | trouble- pl | go-3 pl . prs | people- gen | because_of |
| All troubles are caused by people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| kaik | gorä | tulo-ba | rahvaha-n | perad |
| all | grief | come-3 pl . prs | people- gen | because_of |
| All grief comes from people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| kaik | paha | dilo-d | om | naroda-spiä |
| all | bad | business- part | be.3 sg | folk- el |
| All bad things are because of people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| miiz´ | rubezi-i | paremba | näge-maha | operacia-n | tähte |
| man | start- pst | better | see- inf | operation- gen | because_of |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| akk/in’ehmuu | el'ä-b | mužika-n | tähte |
| woman | live-3 sg | man- gen | because_of |
| The woman is alive because of the man. | |||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| akk | om | eläba-z | mužika-n | abu-n | perad |
| woman | be.3 sg | alive- in | man- gen | help- gen | because_of |
| The woman is alive thanks to the help of the man. | |||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: AD
| pilot | vo-i | ištu-tta-da | samal´ota-n | suura-l | opita-l |
| pilot | can- pst | sit- caus - inf | plane- gen | big- ad | experience- ad |
| The pilot was able to land the plane because of his great experience. | |||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| voina-n | aigal | rahva-d | näl‘ge-n | tähte | süi-d‘i-he | hein’a-d |
| war- gen | time- ad | people- pl | hunger- gen | because_of | eat-3 pl . pst -3 pl grass- part | |
| During the war, people ate grass because of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| akk | murač | kaik | astä-d | taba-s |
| woman | break. pst | all | dish- part | character- in |
| The woman broke the dishes in anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| in‘ehmu | vier | maga-ta | sob-i-š | vilu-n | tähte |
| woman | sleep. pst | sleep- inf | clothes- pl - in | cold- gen | because_of |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| učitel´ | hvali-i | školnika-n | hyva-s | kostyma-s |
| teacher | praise- pst | pupil- gen | good- in | costume- in |
| The teacher praised the student for a good suit. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: IN
| mužik | per´g´ | soseda-n | häna-n | sanuu-š |
| man | beat. pst | neighbour- gen | 3 sg - gen | word- in |
| The man beat the neighbor for his words. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad EL
| miiz´ | pergi-i | soseda-d | heina-n | sanui-š | perad |
| man | beat- pst | neighbour- part | 3 sg - gen | word- in | because_of |
| A man beat a neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| lapse-d | toragat-i | miaču-n | tähte |
| child- pl | fight- pst | ball- gen | because_of |
| The kids fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| mužik | šumi-i | velle-nke | nasledstvan | tähte |
| man | scold- pst | brother- com | inheritance- gen | because_of |
| The man had a fight with his brother because of the inheritance. | ||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: perad GEN
| akk | ost-i | tämä-n | kinga-n | pirdusii-n | perad |
| woman | buy- pst | this- gen | book- gen | drawing- gen | because_of |
| The woman bought this book because of the drawings. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: perad GEN
| akk | e-i | rube-nu | vastada-kse | podruga-nke | pahan | miele-n: | perad |
| woman | neg -3 | become- act . ptcp | meet- trans | friend- com | bad | mood- gen | because_of |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. | |||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kacu-d | luhti-n | piä-le | čto | yö-l | ol-i | vihm |
| look-2 sg | puddle- gen | on- all | that | that- ad | be- pst | rain |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kacu-d | veda-s | oma | puzuri-že-d | žnačit | vezi | d´o | kiehužkando-b |
| look-2 sg | water- in | be.3 pl | bubble- dim - part | that_means | water | already | boil-3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles in the water, the water has already boiled. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| tul-i | pertu-he | vilu-s-piä |
| come- pst | cabin- ill | cold- in -out |
| He came to the hut from the cold. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. | ||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |