Indonesian (Standard)
Contributed by Netkachev, Ivan. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Ivan Netkachev. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Indonesian (Standard). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: karena
sapu.tangannya | basah | karena | air | mata |
handherchief | soaked | because | water | eye |
The handkerchief got soaked from tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: karena
ranting | itu | patah | karena | keberatan | beban |
branch | than | broken | because | weight | burden |
The branch broke from the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | batuk | karena | asap |
woman | that | cough | because | smoke |
The woman is coughing because of the smoke. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
kita | tidak | bisa | melihat | pantai | karena | gelap |
we | neg | can | see | shore | because | dark |
We can’t see the shore because it is dark. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | ditangkap | karena | kesalahan |
man | that | arrested | because | mistake |
The man was arrested by mistake. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: karena
pohonnya | jatuh | karena | angin |
the.tree | fall | because | wind |
The tree fell due to the wind. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: dari
laki-laki | itu | meninggal | dari | sengatan | listrik | secara | langsung |
man | that | die | from | shock | electricity | by | directly |
The man died from electric shock. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | terbangun | karena | suara | berisik |
woman | that | wake.up | because | noise | noisy |
The woman woke up from the noise. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | sakit | kepala | karena | bir |
man | that | ill | head | because | beer |
The man has a headache from the beer. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: ke
wanita | itu | tertawa | ke | anak | anjing | itu |
woman | that | laugh | to | child | dog | that |
The woman laughed at the puppy. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: karena
pria | itu | meninggal | karena | ikan | beracun |
man | that | die | because | fish | poisonous |
The man died from a poisonous fish. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: dengan
perempuan | itu | puas | dengan | nila-nya |
woman | that | satisfied | with | grade- poss .3 |
The girl is satisfied with her grade. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: karena
istri | itu | marah | karena | kata-kata | suami-nya |
wife | that | angry | because | words | husband- poss .3 |
The wife was angered by her husband’s words. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: karena
anak | laki-laki | itu | senang | karena | ide | ini |
child | man | that | happy | because | idea | this |
The boy was thrilled by this idea. |
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: dengan
anak | laki-laki | itu | senang | dengan | ide | ini |
child | man | that | happy | with | idea | this |
The boy was thrilled by this idea. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | menjadi | lemah | karena | kelaparan |
man | that | become | weak | because | hunger |
The man was weakened by hunger. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | meninggal | karena | kelaparan |
man | that | die | because | starvation |
The man died of starvation. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | menjerit | karena | kesakitan. |
man | that | scream | because | pain |
The man is screaming from the pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: karena
perempuan | itu | menggigil/gemetaran | karena | kedinginan |
woman | that | shiver | because | cold |
The woman is shivering from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: karena
anak | itu | mulai | menangis | karena | ketakutan. |
child | that | begin | cry | because | fear |
The child began to cry out of fear. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: dengan
anak | itu | tertawa | dengan | riang/gembira |
child | that | laugh | with | joy |
The child laughed with joy. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: karena
anak | itu | bersembunyi | di | gudang | karena | katakutan |
child | that | hide | in | barn | because | fear |
The child hid in the barn out of fear. |
22
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | diam | karena | kesopanan. |
man | that | silent | because | modesty |
The man kept silent out of modesty. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: dalam
wanita | itu | memegang | tangan | kakak | laki-laki-nya | dalam | ketakutan |
woman | that | grab | hand | young.sibling | man- poss .3 | in | fear |
The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. |
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | memegang | tangan | kakak | laki-laki-nya | karena | ketakutan |
woman | that | grab | hand | young.sibling | man- poss .3 | because | fear |
The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. |
24
Status: main; causal marker: dari
wanita | itu | capek | dari | pekerjaan |
woman | that | tired | from | work |
The woman is tired from work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | tidak | bisa | tidur | karena | nyamuk |
woman | that | neg | can | sleep | because | mosquito |
The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: karena
air-nya | terlihat | jernih | karena | cahaya1 bulan2 |
water- poss .3 | look | bright | because | lightmoon1,2 |
The water looks bright because of the lightmoon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: karena
karena | anjing-nya, | dia | berhasil | dalam | berburu |
because | dog- poss .3 | he | succeed | in | hunt |
Thanks to his dog, he is successful in hunting. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: kepada
istri-nya | marah | kepada | suami-nya |
wife- poss .3 | angry | to | husband- poss .3 |
The wife was angry at her husband. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | terlambat | untuk | bekerja | karena | suami-nya |
woman | that | late | for | work | because | husband- poss .3 |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: karena
orang-orang | meninggal | karena | gempa bumi |
people | die | because | earthquake |
The people died because of the earthquaqe. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: karena
semua | kerusakan | terjadi | karena | manusia |
all | damage | happen | because | human |
All misfortunes happen because of people. |
32
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | dapat | melihat | dengan | lebih | baik | sekarang | karena | operasi |
man | can | see | with | more | good | now | because | operation |
The man can see better now thanks to the operation. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | hidup | karena | laki-laki | itu |
woman | that | live | because | man | that |
The woman is alive thanks to that man. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
laki-laki | itu | bilang | ke | istri-nya | tentang | itu | karena | kecerobohan-nya |
man | that | tell | to | wife- poss .3 | about | that | because | carelessness- poss .3 |
The man told his wife about it out of carelessness. | ||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | terpeleset | karena | kecerobohan-nya |
women | that | slip | because | carelessness- poss .3 |
The woman slipped because of carelessness. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: karena
pilot | itu | mampu | untuk | mendaratkan | pesawat-nya, | karena | pengalaman-nya |
pilot | that | able | for | land | plane- poss .3 | because | experience- poss .3 |
The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
pilot | itu | tidak | bisa | mendaratkan | pesawat-nya | karena | kurang | berpengalaman |
pilot | that | neg | can | land | plane- poss .3 | because | less | inexperience |
The pilot could not land the plane because he had little experience. | ||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: karena
ketika | waktu | perang, | orang-orang | makan | rumput | karena | kelaparan |
when | time | war | people | eat | grass | because | hunger |
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. |
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
perempuan | itu | masuk | ke | dalam | karena | penasaran |
woman | that | enter | to | inside | because | curious |
The woman went inside because she is curious. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
pria | itu | membunuh | istri-nya | karena | cemburu |
man | that | kill | wife- poss .3 | because | jealous |
The man killed his wife because he is jealous. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | bilang | ke | semua | orang | tentang | hal | itu | karena | kebanggaannya |
man | that | say | to | all | human | about | thing | that | because | pride |
The man told everyone about it out of vanity. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | memecahkan | semua | piring | karena | kemarahan-nya |
woman | that | break | all | dish | because | anger- poss .3 |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | tidur | dengan | pakaian-nya | yang | kebal | karena | kedinginan |
woman | that | sleep | with | cloth- poss .3 | rel | thick | because | cold |
The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: karena
guru | itu | memuji | siswa-nya | karena | jas-nya |
teacher | that | praise | student- poss .3 | because | suit- poss .3 |
The teacher commended the student for his suit. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | memukul | tetangga-nya | karena | kata-kata | tetangga-nya |
man | that | beat | neighbour- poss .3 | because | words | neighbour- poss .3 |
The man beat his neighbor because of his words. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: karena
anak-anak | itu | bertengkar | karena | bola |
children | that | fight | because | ball |
The children fought over the ball. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: karena
laki-laki | itu | bertengkar | dengan | adik | laki-laki-nya | karena warisan |
man | argue | with | younger.sibling | man- poss .3 | because | inheritance |
The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: karena
wanita | itu | membeli | buku | karena | gambar-nya |
woman | that | buy | book | because | picture- poss .3 |
The woman bought the book because of the pictures. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
wanita | itu | membatalkan | rencana-nya | dengan | teman-nya | karena | mood-nya | hatinya | tidak bagus |
woman | that | cancel | plan- poss .3 | with | friend- poss .3 | because | mood- poss .3 | neg | good |
The woman bought the book because her mood is bad. | |||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
di-lihat | dari | genangan | air-nya | tadi | malam | pasti | hujan |
pass .3-see | from | puddle | water- poss .3 | last | night | surely | rain |
Seen from the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
melihat | dari | buih-nya | air-nya | sudah | mendidih |
act.see | from | bubble- poss .3 | water- poss .3 | already | boil |
Seen from the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
masuk | ke | rumah! | dingin | di | luar! |
enter | to | house | cold | in | outside |
Enter the house, it is cold outside. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
di | mana | sweater-ku? | saya | kedinginan |
in | where | sweater- poss .1 | i | cold |
Where is my sweater? Because I am cold. | ||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: secara
secara | matematika, | angka | itu | tidak | bisa | kurang | dari | satu |
by | math | number | that | neg | can | less | from | one |
By math, this number cannot be less than one. |