Eskimo (Central Siberian Yupik)
Contributed by Anastasia Panova. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Panova, Anastasia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Eskimo (Central Siberian Yupik). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: INS
naːsquʁiːtaq | aʁi-maː-q | qunit-nəŋ |
handkerchief. abs . sg | get_wet- pst (+ ind . tr )-3 sg | tear- ins . pl |
The handkerchief is wet with tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
awajaq | ajim-u-q | uqi-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
branch. abs . sg | break. pst - ind . intr -3 sg | weight- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The branch broke from the weight. |
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
awajaq | ajim-u-q | uqi-məŋ |
branch. abs . sg | break. pst - ind . intr -3 sg | weight- ins . sg |
The branch broke from the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: INS
aʁnaq | qiːw-aq-u-q | puju-məŋ |
woman. abs . sg | cough- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | smoke- ins . sg |
The woman coughs from the smoke. |
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
xwaŋkuta | sχ-iɣat-a-put | snaq | mamləɣa-nəŋ |
we. erg | see- neg . prs - ind . tr -2 pl .3 pl | coast. abs . sg | darkness- ins . pl |
We do not see the dry land because of the darkness. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
xwaŋkuta | sχ-iɣat-a-put | snaq | mamləɣə-m aŋtala-ŋanəŋ | |
we. erg | see- neg . prs - ind . tr -2 pl .3 pl | coast. abs . sg | darkness- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
We do not see the dry land because of the darkness. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: INS
uqfik | ifkaχ-t-u-q | uməɣnəʁ-məŋ |
tree. abs . sg | fall- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | blizzard- ins . sg |
The tree fell due to a blizzard. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: REL
juk | tоɣə-m | tuqu-t-aː |
man. abs . sg | electricity- rel . sg | die- tr - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
The man died from the electric shock. |
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
juk | tuq-u-q | tоɣ-məŋ |
man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | electricity- ins . sg |
The man died from the electric shock. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: INS
aʁnaq | taχtuχ-t-u-q | məŋulɣuːt-nəŋ |
woman. abs . sg | wake_up- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | noise- ins . pl |
The woman woke up from the noise. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: INS
juɣə-m | naːsqwa | aqniʁ-aq-u-q | aqimlə-məŋ |
man- rel . sg | head-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | get_sick- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | ?- ins . sg |
The man's head hurts from wine. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABS
aʁna-m | nəŋlatk-aː | qikmiʁaχaq |
woman- rel . sg | laugh.?- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | puppy. abs . sg |
Woman laughed because of the puppy. |
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
aʁnaq | nəŋlaχ-t-u-q | qikmiʁaχaʁ-məŋ |
woman. abs . sg | laugh- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | puppy- ins . sg |
Woman laughed because of the puppy. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: INS
juk | tuq-u-q | iqakɬuɣ-məŋ |
man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | fish- ins . sg |
The man died from a fish. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: INS
aʁnaʁaχaq | itaɣnaʁjuɣ-aq-u-q | оtsеnka-minəŋ |
girl. abs . sg | be_satisfied- prs - ind . tr -3 sg | note- refl . poss . ins . sg |
The girl is satisfied with her note. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: INS
nuliːχ-a | uɣumijux-t-u-q | aləχquɬχa-nəŋ | uɣi-mi |
woman-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | irritate- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | chat- ins . pl | husband- refl . poss . rel . sg |
The woman got angry at her husband's words. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: INS
məkəlʁiːχaq | kujaq-u-q | suməʁnəʁa-nəŋ |
boy. abs . sg | rejoice- ind . intr -3 sg | thought- ins . pl |
The boy was very happy with this idea. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
juk | kajaliː-q | iɣata-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
man. abs . sg | weaken+ ind . intr -3 sg | famine- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The man was weak from hunger. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
juk | tuq-u-q | iɣata-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | famine- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The man died of starvation. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
juk | araʁ-aq-u-q | aqni-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
man. abs . sg | scream- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | sick- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The man screams in pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
aʁnaq | uŋələxt-aq-u-q | χutə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
woman. abs . sg | tremble- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | feel_cold- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The woman is shivering from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
taʁnuχaq | qija.q | upu-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
child. abs . sg | cry.3 sg | fright- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The child was crying out of fear. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
taʁnuχaq | nəŋljaχ-t-u-q | quja-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
child | laugh- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | joy- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The child laughed with joy. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
taʁnuχaq | aliŋ-lu-ni | iχ-t-u-q | siːnu-mi |
child. abs . sg | be_afraid- sub -3 sg . ss | hide- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | pantry- loc . sg |
The child, frightened, hid in the shed. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
22
Status: main; causal marker: REL
juk | jimijuɣə-m, | nəpiːχ-t-u-q |
man. abs . sg | hesitate- rel . sg | be_silent- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg |
The man remained silent out of embarrassment. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: REL
aʁna-m | aliŋə-m, | tuwaʁaχt-aː | anəŋa-ni | ixə-qun |
woman- rel . sg | be_afraid- rel . sg | ?- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | hand- prl . sg |
The woman, frightened, grabbed her brother's hand. |
24
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
aʁnaq | məʁnuχ-t-u-q | qəpχa-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
woman. abs . sg | get_tired- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | work- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The woman is tired of work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
aʁnaq | kavaχ-tə-snaniʁ-ak-a-t | ŋuːjŋaːʁa-t |
woman. abs . sg | sleep- tr - caus . neg - prs - ind . tr -3 pl .3 sg | midge- rel . pl |
The midges did not let the woman sleep. | ||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
məq | niʁuɣraːxt-u-q | tanqi-m | apaɬa-nəŋ |
water. abs . sg | dawn- ind . intr -3 sg | moon- rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
The water brightens because of the moon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
juk | pinitun | qikmi-m | muʁutə-st-aː |
man. abs . sg | good | dog- rel . sg | go_hunting- caus - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
The dog helped the man hunt well. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: INS
nuliːχ-a | uɣumijux-t-u-q | uɣi-mi | aləχquɬχa-nəŋ |
woman-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | irritate- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | husband- refl . poss . rel . sg | chat- ins . pl |
The woman was angry with her husband because of his words. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
aʁnaq | aŋi-n̥əʁit-u-q | qəpχa-ʁviɣ-mun | uɣi-ŋan | apaɬa-nəŋ |
woman. abs . sg | do_in_time- neg - ind . intr -3 sg | work-?- dat . sg | husband-3 sg . poss . rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: INS
juɣə-t | tuqu-laʁat-u-t, | nunaː-m | uŋələxta-ɬχa-nəŋ |
human- abs . pl | die-?- ind . intr -3 pl | village- rel . sg | tremble- nmlz - ins . pl |
People died because of the earthquake. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: REL
qamaxɬuni | pininʁilŋuq | juɣə-t | aɬxəχ-t-aq-a-t |
all | bad. abs . sg | human- rel . pl | appear- tr - prs - ind . tr -3 pl .3 sg |
All bad things happen because of people. |
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: antalananan REL
qamaxɬuni | pininʁilŋuq | aɬxəʁ-aq-u-q | juɣə-m | apaɬa-nəŋ |
all | bad. abs . sg | appear- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | human- rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
All bad things happen because of people. |
32
Status: main; causal marker: kanlanani REL
juk | sχat-kajux-t-aː | оpеratsija-m kənla-ŋa-ni | |
man. abs . sg | see-can- imm _ pst - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | surgery- rel . sg | border-3 sg . poss - loc . sg |
The man sees better after the operation. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
juɣə-m | uŋipamsuɣut-aː | taːxkən | nuliː-ni | naɬu-m | aŋtala-ŋan |
man- rel . sg | tell- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | then | woman- refl . poss . abs . sg | stupidity- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . rel . sg |
The man told his wife about everything out of stupidity. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
aʁnaq | qiːɣnis-imaː-q | jakɬuni | piː-nʁitə-m |
woman. abs . sg | slide- pst (+ ind . tr )-3 sg | so | do- neg - rel . sg |
The woman slipped. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: INS
təŋastə-m | aqumə-st-aː | təŋəxkajuk | piɬəʁ-minəŋ |
pilot- rel . sg | sit_down- caus - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | airplane. abs . sg | experienced- refl . poss . ins . sg |
The man landed the plane thanks to experience. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: REL
təŋastə-m | aqumə-snəʁit-aː | təŋəxkajuk | piɬxiːtə-m |
pilot- rel . sg | sit_down- caus . neg - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | airplane. abs . sg | become_unable- rel . sg |
The man did not land the plane due to inability. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: REL
piɬuɣa-mi | juɣə-t | iɣata-m | nəʁ-umaː-t | vəɣaʁ-məŋ |
war- loc . sg | human- pl . rel | starve- rel . sg | eat- pst + ind . tr -3 sg .1 sg | grass- ins . sg |
During the war, people ate grass from hunger. |
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
aʁnaq | itəχ-t-u-q | qamavək | ləɣrəliq-ɬu-ni |
woman. abs . sg | enter- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | inside | be_curious- cv -3 sg . ss |
Curious, the woman went inside. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
juɣə-m | tuqu-t-aː | nuliː-ni | kuŋjaʁ-lu-ni |
man- rel . sg | die- tr - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | woman- refl . poss . abs . sg | be_jealous- cv -3 sg . ss |
Being jealous, the man killed his wife. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
juk | tama-kən | uŋipaq-uχt-u-q | juːk-ɬu-ni |
man. abs . sg | dem -? | tell- distr (?)- ind . intr -3 sg | boast- cvb -3 sg . ss |
The man told everyone about it, boasting. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
aʁna-m | siɣiq-uχt-aɣ-i | nəʁuːsi-t | aɣniq-ɬu-ni |
woman- rel . sg | break- distr (?)- ind . tr -3 sg .3 pl | vessel- abs . pl | be_angry- cv -3 sg . ss |
The woman broke all the dishes, being angry. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: antalananan REL
aʁna-m | siɣiq-uχt-aɣ-i | nəʁuːsi-t | aɣniqə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
woman- rel . sg | break- distr (?)- ind . tr -3 sg .3 pl | vessel- abs . pl | be_angry- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
aʁnaq | iŋaχt-u-q | piluɣuxtumaʁ-mi | aqɬaʁa-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
woman. abs . sg | lie_on_your_side- ind . intr -3 sg | be_dressed. cvb -3 sg | cold- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. |
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: REL
aʁnaq | iŋaχt-u-q | piluɣuxtumaʁ-mi | χuːtə-m |
woman. abs . sg | lie_on_your_side- ind . intr -3 sg | be_dressed. cvb -3 sg | feel_cold- rel . sg |
The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: INS
iɣaːχtə-m | usuq-aː | iɣaʁjaqajuk | atɬəʁa-nəŋ |
teacher- rel . sg | praise- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | pupil. abs . sg | ?- ins . pl |
The teacher praised the student for the costume. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: INS
juɣə-m | qəvut-aː | iŋluqɬi-ni | aləχquɬχa-nəŋ |
man- rel . sg | punch- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | be_located_opposite- refl . poss . abs . sg | chat- ins . pl |
A man beat a neighbor for his words. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
taʁnuχa-t | piɬuɣ-ut-u-t | aŋqa-məŋ | apaɬa-ɬu-təŋ |
child- abs . pl | fight- appl - ind . intr -3 pl | ball- ins . sg | cause- cv -3 pl . ds |
The children fought over the ball. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
juɣə-k | anəŋaqulχi-k | aʁivat-u-k | sanqut-məŋ | apaɬa-ɬu-tək |
man- abs . du | brothers- abs . du | argue- ind . intr -3 du | property- ins . sg | cause- cv -3 du . ds |
A man quarreled with his brother over money. | ||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: INS
aʁna-m | tukfi-m-aː | iɣaq | tana | narisuɣiːka-nəŋ |
woman- rel . sg | buy- pst - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | book. abs . sg | dem . abs . sg | picture- ins . pl |
The woman bought the book because of the drawings. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: REL
aʁna-m | sχaʁju-nʁit-aː | aʁnaʁa-lɣutə-ni | səʁləʁjuɣə-m | ilu-minəŋ |
woman- rel . sg | meet- neg - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | young_woman-partner- refl . poss . abs . sg | feel_ofended- rel . sg | gut- refl . poss . ins . sg |
The woman did not meet her friend because of a bad mood. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
sχaʁ-lu-təŋ | məʁ-zəʁa-t, | unuɣ-mi | sɬaɬuɣ-uχtə-kaɣ-u-q |
see- cv -3 pl . ds | puddle-?- abs . pl | night- loc . sg | rain- distr (?)- iam (?)- ind . intr -3 sg |
Seeing puddles, [I conclude that] it rained at night. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
sχaʁ-lu-ku | qaɬatə-ɬχaː | məq uɣus-ima-kaŋa | |
see- cv -3 sg . ss | boil- nmlz | water. abs . sg | melt- pst - infr .3 sg .3 sg |
Since the water is seen to be boiling, it must have melted. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
iːtχ-i | ɣujɣu-mun, | aqɬaʁaχtaː |
get_up- imp | house- dat . sg | get_cold+ ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
Come inside, it's cold. | ||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
naːɣu | maqalʁi | qaːsli-qa, | aqɬaʁaχtaː |
where | warm. abs . sg | upper-1 sg . poss . abs . sg | get_cold+ ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg ] |
Where is my warm outer [clothes]? It is cold. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
n.a. |
n.a. |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |