Erzya
Contributed by Sophia Shumilova. The data were gathered in 2023.
How to cite
Sophia Shumilova. 2023. Nominal causal constructions in Erzya. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 12, 2023; last revised on August 12, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
pacja-sʲ | načk-sʲ | selʲvedʲ-te |
handkerchief- nom . def | get_wet- pst .3 sg | tear- abl |
The handkerchief was wet with tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
tarado-sʲ | siv-sʲ | stalmo-do |
branch- nom . def | break- pst .3 sg | weight- abl |
The branch broke from the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
ava-sʲ | koz-ɨ | kačamo-do |
woman- nom . def | cough- prs .3 sg | smoke- abl |
The woman coughs from the smoke. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
minʲ | a | ne-sɨnek | vedʲ-čire-ntʲ | čopoda pelʲks-tè |
we | not | see- npst .1 pl .3 sg | water-shore- gen . def | darkness- abl |
We can't see the shore because of the darkness. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: vidga GEN
cera-stʲ | ozavt-ɨ-zʲ | ilʲvedevksè-nʲ | vidʲga |
man- nom . def | arrest- prs .3 sg - ptcp . pst | error- gen | on |
The man was arrested by mistake. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
čuvto-sʲ | pra-sʲ | varma-do. |
tree- nom . def | fall- pst .3 sg | wind- abl |
The tree fell from the wind. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: mejle ABL
cera-sʲ | čavo-v-sʲ | seske | toko-nʲ | vačkodema-do | mejle |
man- nom . def | kill- pass - pst .3 sg | straightaway | flow- gen | blow- abl | after |
The man died from electric shock immediately. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
ava-sʲ | sɨrgoj-sʲ | lašto-do |
woman- nom . def | wake_up- pst .3 sg | noise- abl |
The woman woke up from the noise. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
cera-stʲ | prja-zo | sèred-i | piva-do |
man- gen . def | head-3 sg . poss . sg | get_sick- prs .3 sg | beer- abl |
A man has a headache from beer. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: lagso GEN
ava-sʲ | peede-v-sʲ | kiska-levks-èntʲ | lagso. |
woman- nom . def | laugh- inch - pst .3 sg | dog-cub- gen . def | over |
The woman laughed at the puppy. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
cera-sʲ | kulo-sʲ | morja-zʲ | kal-do |
man- nom . def | die- pst .3 sg | poison- ptcp | fish- abl |
The man died from poisonous fish. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
tejterʲka-sʲ | ašt-ɨ | melʲsparo-so | sonci-nʲzja | ocenka-dostʲ |
girl- nom . def | be- prs .3 sg | joy- iness | he-3 sg . poss . f | evaluation- abl . def |
The girl is satisfied with her grade. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: langs GEN
cёra-sʲ | mer-sʲ | meze-buti | berjanʲ. | ni-sʲ | keždja-sʲ | mirde-nzè | val-tnè-nʲ | langs. |
man- nom . def | say- pst .3 sg | what | bad | woman- def | to_be_angry- pst .3 sg | husband-3 sg . poss .3 sg | word- pl . def - gen | the |
The man said something bad. The wife was angry at her husband's words. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
cerɨne-sʲ | pek | raduva-sʲ | te | tev-stenʲ |
boy- nom . def | very | rejoice- pst .3 sg | this | case- dat . def |
The boy is delighted with this idea. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
cёra-sʲ | vij-teme-v-sʲ | vačoči-de |
man- nom . def | force- abess - pass - pst .3 sg | famine- abl |
The man was weak from hunger. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
cёra-sʲ | kulo-sʲ | vačoči-de . |
man- nom . def | die- pst .3 sg | famine- abl |
The man died of starvation. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
cera-sʲ | pižn-i | sèredʲks-tè |
man- nom . def | scream- prs .3 sg | pain- abl |
The man screams in pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
ava-sʲ | sorn-ɨ | jakšamo-do |
woman- nom . def | tremble- prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
The woman is shivering from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
èjkakšo-sʲ | avarʲgad-sʲ | pele-ma-dontʲ |
child- nom . def | cry- pst .3 sg | be_afraid- nmlz - abl . def |
The child cried out in fear. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
èjkakšo-sʲ | raka-zev-sʲ | kenjardo-ma-dontʲ èjstè |
child- nom . def | laugh- inch - pst .3 sg | rejoice- nmlz - abl . def |
The child laughed with joy. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
èjkakšо-sʲ | tandav-mо-dоstʲ | kekš-sʲ | kardaj-s |
child- nom . def | be_scared- nmlz - abl . def | hide- pst .3 sg | palace- ill |
The child hid in the shed out of fear. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
22
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
cёra-sʲ | čatmen-sʲ | vizdev-ma-stʲ | kisè |
man- nom . def | keep_silence- pst .3 sg | be_shy- nmlz - gen . def | out |
The man humbly remained silent. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
ava-sʲ | pele-zʲ | kundɨ-ze | kedʲ-te | jalakso-nzo |
woman- nom . def | be_afraid- cv | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | hand- abl | brother-3 sg . poss .3 sg |
The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
24
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
ava-sʲ | size-sʲ | rabota-do |
woman- nom . def | get_tired- pst .3 sg | work- abl |
The woman is tired from work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
ava-sʲ | a | matedev-i | sesʲke-tne-nʲ | kuvalma |
woman- nom . def | not | fall_asleep- prs .3 sg | mosquito- pl . def - gen | on |
The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. |
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
ava-sʲ | a | уdу-v-i | maraka-tne-de |
woman- nom . def | not | sleep- inch - prs .3 sg | mosquito- pl . def - abl |
The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
vedesʲ | nejavi | valdo-ks | kov-dontʲ |
water- nom . def | seems | light- trans | moon- abl . def |
The water appears bright because of the moon. |
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
vedʲ-sʲ | marjav-i | valdo | kov-o-nʲ | svetè-nʲ | kisè |
water- nom . def | seem- prs .3 sg | light | moon- inf - gen | light- gen | because_of |
The water appears bright because of the moon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: maro GEN
cёra-sʲ | vadrja-sto | jaka-sʲ | oxota-v | kiska-nʲ | pomoga-mo-stʲ | maro |
man- nom . def | good- adv | walk- pst .3 sg | hunting- all | dog- gen | help- nmlz - gen . def | thanks_to |
The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: langa GEN
ni-sʲ | keždja-sʲ | mirde-nzè | langa |
woman- def | get_angry- pst .3 sg | husband-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | on |
The wife was angry with her husband. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
ava-sʲ | pozdaja-sʲ | važode-ma | tarka-s | mirde-nzè | kuvalma |
woman- nom . def | late- pst .3 sg | work- nmlz | place- ill | husband-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | out |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
ava-sʲ | pozda-sʲ | robуta-v | mirde-nze | kisè |
woman- nom . def | late- pst .3 sg | work- all | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
loman-tne | čavo-v-stʲ | moda-stʲ | sorno-vto-mo-nʲ | kuvalma |
human- pl . def | kill- pass - pst .3 pl | earth- gen . def | shake- caus - nmlz - gen | out |
People died because of the earthquake. |
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
loma-tne | čavo-v-stʲ | zemletresenija-stʲ | kisè |
human- pl . def | kill- pass - pst .3 pl | earthquake- gen . def | because_of |
People died because of the earthquake. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
vese | zɨjan-tnè | loman-tne-nʲ | èjstè |
all | tragedy- pl . def | human- pl . def - gen | from |
All troubles are caused by people. |
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
vese | beda-tne | tee-v-itʲ | loma-tne-nʲ | kisè |
all | trouble- pl . def | do- pass - prs .3 pl | human- pl . def - gen | because_of |
All troubles are caused by people. |
32
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
cёra-sʲ | karma-sʲ | parste | nee-me | operacija-stʲ | èjstè |
man- nom . def | begin- pst .3 sg | fine | see- inf | surgery- gen . def | from |
The man began to see better thanks to the operation. |
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
cёra-sʲ | karma-sʲ | vadrja-sto | neja-mo | operacija-stʲ | kisè |
man- nom . def | begin- pst .3 sg | good- adv | see- inf | surgery- gen . def | because_of |
The man began to see better thanks to the operation. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
ava-sʲ | èr-i | te | cera-stʲ | kuvalma |
woman- nom . def | live- prs .3 sg | this | man- gen . def | out |
The woman is alive thanks to this man. |
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
ava-sʲ | živoj | te | cёra-nʲ | teve-nzè | kisè |
woman- nom . def | alive | this | man- gen | case-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | because_of |
The woman is alive thanks to this man. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
cera-sʲ | evtne-sʲ | ten-de | ni-nzè | turtov | prevtemeči-nʲ | èjstè |
man- nom . def | tell- pst .3 sg | this- abl | woman-3 sg . poss .3 sg | for | stupidity- gen | from |
The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. |
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
cёra-sʲ | ёvtne-sʲ | te-de | kozika-stenʲ | manjavmo-stʲ | kisè |
man- nom . def | tell- pst .3 sg | this- abl | woman- dat . def | error- gen . def | because_of |
The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
ava-sʲ | nolašt-sʲ | èsʲ | prjanʲ avolʲ vansto-vo-zʲ |
woman- nom . def | slip- pst .3 sg | not | protect- pass - ptcp . pst |
The woman slipped without taking care. | |||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
36
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
piloto-sʲ | ozavt-ɨze | menelʲvenče-ntʲ | èsʲ | teve-nzè | parste | soda-zʲ |
pilot- nom . def | plant- pst .3 sg . poss .3 sg | airplane- gen . def | his | case-3 sg . poss .3 sg | fine | know- pst .3 sg |
The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his great experience. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
piloto-sʲ | èzʲ | mašt-o | ozavtoms | menelʲvenče-ntʲ | berjanʲ-stè | tave-nzè | sodamoči-ntʲ | kuvalma |
pilot- nom . def | not | be_able_to- cn | plant | airplane- gen . def | bad- ell | case-3 sg . poss .3 sg | knowledge- gen . def | from |
The pilot was unable to land the plane due to poor knowledge of the matter. |
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
piloto-sʲ | èz-mašt-o | ozavtoms | samolёto-sʲ | alamo | opɨte-nze | kisè |
pilot- nom . def | neg -be_able- cn | plant | airplane- nom . def | little[ adj . m ] | experience-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
The pilot was unable to land the plane due to little knowledge of the matter. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
vojna | ie-tne-stè | loma-tne | vačo-sto | jarca-stʲ | tikše-de |
war | year- pl . def - el | human- pl . def | hungry- el | eat- pst .3 pl | grass- abl |
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase |
39
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
ava-sʲ | sova-sʲ | potmo-v | lюbopɨtstvo-stʲ | kisè |
woman- nom . def | come_in- pst .3 sg | inner- all | curiosity- gen . def | out |
The woman went inside out of curiosity. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
cёralomane-sʲ | čav-ize | ni-nzè, | so-nzè | večke-ma-s | a | keme-m-ga |
man- nom . def | kill- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | woman-3 sg . poss .3 sg | he- gen | be_in_love- nmlz - ill | not | trust- nmlz - prol |
A man killed his wife out of distrust. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
cёra-sʲ | vesem-enʲ | ёvtne-sʲ | te-de | prja-nʲ | šnams | kisè |
man- nom . def | all- dat | tell- pst .3 sg | this- abl | head- gen | praise | out |
The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
42
Status: main; causal marker: pachk GEN
ava-sʲ | keže-nʲ | pačk | porks-ɨnzè | vese | kedʲge-tne-nʲ |
woman- nom . def | anger- gen | through | break- prs .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | all | bank- pl . def - gen |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
jakšamo-dontʲ | ava-sʲ | mad-sʲ | udo-mo | orša-zʲ | (oršamo-nzo | apak | kajs-e) |
cold- abl . def | woman- nom . def | lie_down- pst .3 sg | sleep- inf | dress- cv | cloth-3 sg . poss .3 sg | not | undress- prs .3 sg |
Because of the cold, the woman went to bed dressed (did not take off her clothes). |
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
ava-sʲ | ma-cʲ | уdo-mo | orčazʲ | jakšamo-stʲ | kisè |
woman- nom . def | lie- pst .3 sg | sleep- inf | dressed | cold- gen . def | because_of |
The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
tonavtɨcja-sʲ | šnɨ-ze | tonavtnicja-stʲ | oršamo-nzo | kuvalma |
teacher- nom . def | praise- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | pupil- gen . def | cloth-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | out |
The teacher praised the student for his costume. |
44
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
Уčitele-sʲ | šn-ɨzi | уčenike-stʲ | son-zè | kostюmo-nʲ | kisè |
teacher- nom . def | praise- pst .3. o .3 sg .s | pupil- nom . def | he- gen | suit- gen | because_of |
The teacher praised the student for his costume. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
cёra-sʲ | čav-ize | šabra-nzo | valo-nzo | kis |
man- nom . def | beat- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | neighbour-3 sg . poss .3 sg | word-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | for |
The man beat the neighbor for his words. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
èjkakš-tne | turgad-stʲ | oska-ntʲ | kuvalma |
child- pl . def | fight- pst .3 pl | ball- gen . def | from |
The kids fought over the ball. |
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
èjkakš-ne | tуre-zev-stʲ | pуša-stʲ | kisè |
child- pl | fight- inch - pst .3 pl | ball- gen . def | because_of |
The kids fought over the ball. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
cera-sʲ | sevno-sʲ | jalakso-nzo | marto | nasledstva-nʲ | kuvalma |
man- nom . def | scold- pst .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | with | inheritance- gen | out |
A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. |
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
cёra-sʲ | rуga-zev-sʲ | brato-nzo | maro | nasledstva-stʲ | kisè |
man- nom . def | argue- inch - pst .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss . sg | with | inheritance- gen . def | because_of |
A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
ava-sʲ | ram-ize | te | kniga-ntʲ | artovkso-nʲ | kuvalma |
woman- nom . def | buy- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | this | book- gen . def | drawing- gen | out |
The woman bought this book because of the drawings. |
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
ava-sʲ | ram-izi | te | kinižka-stʲ | risуnka-tne-nʲ | kisè |
woman- nom . def | buy- pst .3. o .3 sg .s | this | book- gen . def | drawing- pl . def - gen | because_of |
The woman bought this book because of the drawings. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
ava-sʲ | èzʲ | karm-a | vasode-kšn-me | jalga-nzo | marto | berjanʲ | ežo-nzo | kuvalma |
woman- nom . def | not | start_off- cn | meet- iter - inf | other-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | with | bad | feeling-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | out |
The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. |
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
avasʲ | èzʲ | karm-a | vstreča-mo | jalga-stʲ | maro | berjanʲ | nastroenija-stʲ | kisè |
woman- nom . def | not | start- cn | meet- inf | girlfriend- gen . def | with | bad | mood- gen . def | because_of |
The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
vedʲčireks-nè-nʲ | kuvalma | vano-zʲ, | vetʲ | ulʲne-sʲ | pizeme |
puddle- pl . def - gen | from | look- cv | at_night | be- pst .3 sg | rain |
Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
vedʲ | bajge-tne-nʲ | kuvalma | vano-zʲ, | vede-sʲ | laka-zev-sʲ |
water | bubble- pl . def - gen | from | look- cv | water- nom . def | boil- inch - pst .3 sg |
Judging by the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
sova-k | kudo-v, | seks | što | ušo-so | jakšamo |
come_in- imp .3 sg . o . sg . s | house- all | because | what | street- iness | cold |
Come inside, because it's cold outside. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
koso | monʲ | svitra-m, | seks | što | jakšamo |
where | my | sweater-1 sg . poss .3 sg | because | what | cold |
Where is my sweater <?> [cold]? | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase |
54
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
te | čisla-sʲ | a | uli | edinica-dо | višine | matematičeskоj | zakоnо-nʲ | sila-nʲ | kisè |
this | number- nom . def | not | be- prs .3 sg | one- abl | small | mathematical | law- gen | force- gen | from |
This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. |