Catalan
Contributed by Tatiana Repnina (ResearchGate profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Repnina, Tatiana. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Catalan. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: de
El | mocador | es | va | amar-ar | de | llàgrim-es. |
def . sg . m | handkerchief( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | soak- inf | from | tear( f )- pl |
The handkerchief got wet from tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: per
La | branc-a | es | va | trenc-ar | pel | pes. |
def . sg . f | branch( f )- sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | break- inf | for. def . sg . m | weight( m ). sg |
The branch broke because of the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
La | don-a | estosseg-a | a | caus-a | del | fum. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | cough- prs .3 sg | to | cause( f )- sg | from. def . sg . m | smoke( m ). sg |
The woman coughs because of the smoke. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
La | foscor | no | ens | deix-a | veure | la | cost-a. |
def . sg . f | darkness( f ). sg | neg | 1 pl . do | leave- prs .3 sg | see. inf | def . sg . f | coast( f )- sg |
The darkness doesn't let us see the coast. | |||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: per
Van | deten-ir | l' | home | per | error. |
go. prs .3 pl | detain- inf | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | for | mistake( m ). sg |
The man was arrested by mistake. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
El | vent | va | fer | caure | l' | arbre. |
def . sg . m | wind( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | do. inf | fall. inf | def . sg . m | tree( m ). sg |
The wind made the tree fall. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: de
L' | home | va | mor-ir | d' | un | curtcircuit. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | from | indf . sg . m | short_circuit( m ). sg |
The man died from electric shock. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: per
La | don-a | es | va | llev-ar | pel | soroll. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | get_up- inf | for. def . sg . m | noise( m ). sg |
The woman woke up from the noise. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
L' | home | té | mal | de | cap | degut | a | la | cerves-a. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain( m ). sg | from | head( m ). sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m | to | def . sg . f | beer( f )- sg |
The man has a headache because of the beer. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: de
La | don-a | re-ia | del | gos. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | laugh- ipfv .3 sg | from. def . sg . m | dog( m ). sg |
The woman was laughing because of the puppy. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
L' | home | va | mor-ir | enverin-at | per | un | peix | verinós. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | poison- ptcp . sg . m | for | indf . sg . m | fish( m ). sg | poisonous. sg . m |
The man died poisoned by a venomous fish. | ||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: amb
La | noi-a | està | satisf-et-a | amb | la | seva | not-a. |
def . sg . f | girl( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | satisfy- ptcp . sg - f | with | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | note( f )- sg |
The girl is satisfied with her grade. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Les | paraul-es | del | seu | marit | la | van | fer | enfad-ar. |
def . pl . f | word( f )- pl | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | husband( m ). sg | 3 sg . f . do | go. prs .3 pl | do. inf | anger- inf |
Her husband's words made her angry. | ||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: amb
El | noi | est-ava | entusiasm-at | amb | la | ide-a. |
def . sg . m | boy( m ). sg | be- ipfv .3 sg | enthuse- ptcp . sg . m | with | def . sg . f | idea( f )- sg |
The boy was thrilled by this suggestion. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
La | gan-a | va | afebl-ir | l' | home. |
def . sg . f | hunger( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | weaken- inf | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg |
The hunger weakened the man. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: de
L' | home | va | mor-ir | de | gan-a. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | from | hunger( f )- sg |
The man died of starvation. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: de
L' | home | crid-ava | del | mal. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | cry- ipfv .3 sg | from. def . sg . m | pain( m ). sg |
The man was screaming from the pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: de
La | don-a | tremol-a | de | fred. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | tremble- prs .3 sg | from | cold( m ). sg |
The woman is shivering from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
El | nen | va | començ-ar | a | crid-ar | espant-at. |
def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | start- inf | to | cry- inf | scare- ptcp . sg . m |
The child began to cry frightened. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: de
El | nen | re-ia | d' | alegri-a. |
def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | laugh- ipfv .3 sg | from | happiness( f )- sg |
The child was laughing out of joy. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: per
El | nen | es | va | amag-ar | al | graner | per | por. |
def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | hide- inf | to. def . sg . m | granary( m ). sg | for | fear( f ). sg |
The child hid in the barn because of fear. |
22
Status: main; causal marker: per
L' | home | es | va | call-ar | per | modesti-a. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | shut_up- inf | for | modesty( f )- sg |
The man was silent because of modesty. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: amb
La | don-a | va | agaf-ar | la | mà | del | seu | germà | amb | por. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | grab- inf | def . sg . f | hand( f ). sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | brother( m ). sg | with | fear( f ). sg |
The woman held onto her elder brother’s arm in fear. |
24
Status: main; causal marker: de
La | don-a | està | cans-ad-a | de | treball-ar. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | wear_out- ptcp . sg - f | from | work- inf |
The woman was tired from work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: per culpa de
La | dona | no | es | pot | adorm-ir | per | culp-a | dels | mosquit-s. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | neg | refl | be_able. prs .3 sg | get_off_to_sleep- inf | for | blame( f )- sg | from. def . pl . m | mosquito( m )- pl |
The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
L' | aigu-a | brill-a | degut | a | la | llun-a. |
def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | shine- prs .3 sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m | to | def . sg . f | moon( f )- sg |
The water looks bright because of the moon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
L' | home | ha | caç-at | molt | gràci-es | al | seu | gos. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | hunt- ptcp . sg . m | a_lot | grace( f )- pl | to. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | dog( m ). sg |
The man had a successful hunt thanks to his dog. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: amb
La | don-a | s' | hav-ia | enfad-at | amb | ell. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | refl | have- ipfv .3 sg | anger- ptcp . sg . m | with | 3 sg . m |
The wife got angry at him. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: per culpa de
La | don-a | fe-ia | tard | per | culp-a | del | seu | marit. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | do- ipfv .3 sg | late | for | blame( f )- sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | husband( m ). sg |
The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
La | gent | ha | mor-t | a | caus-a | del | terratrèmol. |
def . sg . f | people( f ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | die- ptcp . sg . m | to | cause( f )- sg | from. art . def . sg . m | earthquake( m ). sg |
People died because of the earthquake. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Tot-es | les | desgràci-es | succeeixen | per | l' | acció | human-a. |
all- pl . f | def . pl . f | misfortune( f )- pl | happen. prs .3 pl | for | def . sg . f | action( f ). sg | human- sg . f |
All misfortunes happen because of human actions. | |||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence |
32
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
L' | home | veu | millor | gràci-es | a | la | intervenció. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | see. prs .3 sg | better | grace( f )- pl | to | def . sg . f | intervention( f ). sg |
The man sees better thanks to the operation. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
La | don-a | està | viv-a | gràci-es | a | aquell | home. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | alive- sg . f | grace( f )- pl | to | that. sg . m | man( m ). sg |
The woman is alive thanks to that man. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: per
L' | home | li | ho | va | dir | a | la | seva | don-a | per | estupides-a. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | 3 sg . io | 3 sg . n . do | go. prs .3 sg | say. inf | to | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | for | stupidity( f )- sg |
The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: per
La | don-a | va | rellisc-ar | per | imprudenci-a. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | slip- inf | for | recklessness( f )- sg |
The woman slipped because of carelessness. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
El | pilot | ha | aconsegu-it | aterr-ar | l' | avió | gràci-es | a | la | seva | experienci-a. |
def . sg . m | pilot( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | achieve- ptcp . sg . m | land- inf | def . sg . m | plane( m ). sg | grace( f )- pl | to | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | experience( f )- sg |
The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his solid experience. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
El | pilot | no | ha | po-gut | aterr-ar | l' | avió | degut | a | la | seva | inexperienci-a. |
def . sg . m | pilot( m ). sg | neg | have. prs .3 sg | be_able- ptcp . sg . m | land- inf | def . sg . m | plane( m ). sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m . | to | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | inexperience( f )- sg |
The pilot couldn’t land the plane due to his inexperience. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: de
A | la | guerr-a | la | gent | menj-ava | herb-a | de | tant-a | gan-a | que | teni-a. |
to | def . sg . f | war( f )- sg | def . sg . f | people( f ). sg | eat- ipfv .3 sg | grass( f )- sg | from | so_much- sg . f | hunger( f )- sg | that | have- ipfv .3 sg |
During the war, people ate grass because of so much hunger that they had. |
39
Status: main; causal marker: per
La | don-a | va | entr-ar | hi | per | curiositat. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | enter- inf | there | for | curiosity( f ). sg |
The woman entered there out of curiosity. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
La | gelosi-a | va | fer | que | l' | home | mat-és | la | seva | don-a. |
def . sg . f | jealousy( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | do. inf | that | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | kill- ipfv . conj .3 sg | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | woman( f )- sg |
The jealousy made the man kill his wife. | ||||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: per
L' | home | ho | va | dir | a | tothom | per | vanitat. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | 3 sg . n . do | go. prs .3 sg | say. inf | to | everybody | for | vanity( f ). sg |
The man told this to everyone out of vanity. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: amb
La | don-a | va | trenc-ar | tot-s | els | plat-s | amb | ira. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | break- inf | all- pl . m | def . pl . m | dish( m )- pl | with | anger( f ). sg |
The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: per
La | don-a | va | an-ar | a | dorm-ir | tapad-a | pel | fred. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | go- inf | to | sleep- inf | covered- sg . f | for. def . sg . m | cold( m ). sg |
The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: per
El | professor | va | elogi-ar | l' | estudiant | pel | seu | vestit. |
def . sg . m | professor( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | praise- inf | def . sg . m | student( m ). sg | for. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | dress( m ). sg |
The professor complimented the student on his uniform. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
L' | home | va | mat-ar | el | seu | veí | pel | que | va | dir. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | kill- inf | def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | neighbour( m ). sg | for. def . sg . m | that | go. prs .3 sg | say. inf |
The man beat his neighbor because of the words that he said. | ||||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: per
Els | nen-s | es | barall-aven | per | la | pilot-a. |
def . pl . m | child( m )- pl | refl | fight- ipfv .3 pl | for | def . sg . f | ball( f )- sg |
The children were fighting over a ball. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: per
L' | home | discut-ia | amb | el | seu | germà | per | l' | herènci-a. |
def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | debate- ipfv .3 sg | with | def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | brother( m ). sg | for | def . sg . f | inheritance( f )- sg |
The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: per
La | don-a | va | compr-ar | el | llibre | per | les | imatge-s. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | buy- inf | def . sg . m | book( m ). sg | for | def . pl . f | picture( f )- pl |
The woman bought the book for the drawings. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: per culpa de
La | don-a | ha | cancellat | els | plan-s | amb | el | seu | amic | per | culp-a | del | seu | mal | humor. |
def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | have. prs .3 sg | cancel- ptcp . sg . m | def . pl . m | plan( m )- pl | with | def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | friend( m ). sg | for | blame( f )- sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | bad. sg . m | mood( m ). sg |
The woman cancelled the plans with her friend because of her bad mood. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: amb
Amb | els | bassal-s, | es | pot | veure | clarament | que | ahir | al | vespre | va | ploure. |
with | def . pl . m | puddle( m )- pl , | refl | be_able. prs .3 sg | see. inf | clearly | that | yesterday | to. def . sg . m | night( m ) | go. prs .3 sg | rain. inf |
Because of the puddles, it is possible to see clearly that yesterday night it was raining. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: tenint en compte
Ten-int | en | compte | les | bomboll-es, | l' | aigu-a | bull. |
have- ger | in | account( m ). sg | def . pl . f | bubble( f )- pl , | def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | boil. prs .3 sg |
Taking into consideration the bubbles, the water is boiling. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Entra | a | dins, | perquè | fa | fred. |
enter. imp .2 sg | to | inside, | because | do. prs .3 sg | cold( f ). sg |
Come inside, because it is cold. | |||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
On | és | el | meu | jersei? | Fa | fred. |
where | be. prs .3 sg | def . sg . m | 1 sg . poss . sg . m | jumper( m ). sg ? | do. prs .3 sg | cold( m ). sg |
Where is my sweater? It is cold. | ||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
Matemàticament, | aquest | número | no | pot | ser | menor | d' | u. |
mathematically, | this. sg . m | number( m ). sg | neg | be_able. prs .3 sg | be. inf | less | from | one( m ). sg |
Mathematically this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. |