Albanian
Contributed by Maria Gvozdkova. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Gvozdkova, Maria. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Albanian. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Shami-a | u | njom | nga | lot-ët. |
| handkerchief- nom . sg . def . f | refl | soak. aor . inact .3 sg | from | tear- nom . pl . def . m |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Dega | u | th-ye | nga | pesh-a. |
| branch- nom . sg . def . f | refl | break- aor . inact .3 sg | from | weight- nom . sg . def . f |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | po | kollit-et | nga | tym-i. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | prog | cough. prs . inact .3 sg | from | smoke- nom . sg . def . m |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Grua-ja | po | kollite-t | për | shkak | të | tym-it. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | prog | cough- prs . inact .3 sg | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | smoke- gen . sg . def . m |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Nuk | mund | ta | shoh-im | breg-un | për | shkak | të | errësir-ës. |
| neg | can. prs .3 sg | sbjv . acc .3 sg | see. prs .1 pl | shore- acc . sg . def . m | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | darkness- gen . sg . def . f |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Burr-i | u | arrestua | gabimisht. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | refl | arrest. aor . inact .3 sg | erroneously |
| The man was arrested erroneously. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Pem-a | ra | për | shkak | tё | er-ës. |
| tree- nom . sg . def . f | fall. aor .3 sg | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | wind- gen . sg . def . f |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | vdiq | (menjëherë) | nga | një | goditj-e | elektrik-e. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | die. aor .3 sg | (immediately) | from | art . indf | hit- nom . sg . indf . f | electric- sg . f |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | u | zgj-ua | nga | zhurm-a. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | refl | awaken- aor . inact .3 sg | from | noise- nom . sg . def . f |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-it | i | dhemb | kok-a | nga | birr-a. |
| man- dat . sg . def . m | dat .3 sg | pain. prs .3 sg | head- nom . sg . def . f | from | beer- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: me ACC
| Grua-ja | u | gajas | me | qenush-in. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | refl | tire. aor .3 sg | with | puppy- acc . sg . def . m |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | vdiq | nga | një | peshk | helmues. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | die. aor .3 sg | from | art . indf | fish. nom . sg . indf . m | poisonous. sg . m |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | |||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: me ACC
| Vajz-a | është | e | kënaqur | me | not-ën. |
| girl- nom . sg . def . f | be. prs .3 sg | art | satisfied. sg . f | with | grade- acc . sg . def . f |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | u | zemër-ua | nga | fjal-ët | e | burr-it | të | saj. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | refl | anger. aor . inact .3 sg | from | word- nom . pl . def . f | art | man- gen . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 f |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Djal-i | u | emocion-ua | nga | kjo | ide. |
| boy- nom . sg . def . m | refl | thrill- aor . inact .3 sg | from | this. nom . sg . f | idea. nom . sg . indf . f |
| The boy is thrilled by this idea. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | u | dobës-ua | nga | uri-a. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | refl | weaken- aor . inact .3 sg | from | hunger- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | vdiq | nga | uri-a. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | die. aor .3 sg | from | hunger- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | po | ulëre-t | nga | dhimb-ja. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | prog | scream- prs .3 sg | from | pain- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man screamed from the pain. | ||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | po | dridh-et | nga | i | ftoht-i. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | prog | shiver- prs . inact .3 sg | from | art | cold- nom . sg . def . n |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Fëmij-a | fillo-i | të | qaj-ë | nga | frik-a. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | begin- aor .3 sg | sbjv | cry. prs . sbjv .3 sg | from | fear- nom . sg . def . f |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Fëmij-a | qesh-i | nga | gёzim-i. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | laugh- aor .3 sg | from | joy. nom . sg . def . m |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: me ACC
| Fëmij-a | qesh-i | me | gëzim. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | laugh- aor .3 sg | with | joy. acc . sg . indf . m |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Fëmij-a | u | fsheh | në | hangar | nga | frik-a. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | refl | hide. aor . inact .3 sg | in | barn. acc . sg . indf . m | from | fear- nom . sg . def . f |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Burr-i | nuk | flis-te | për | shkak | të | modesti-së. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | neg | speak- impf .3 sg | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | modesty- gen . sg . def . f |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Grua-ja, | plot | frikë, | shtrëngo-i | dor-ën | e | vëlla-it | të | saj. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | full | fear. acc . sg . indf . f | clench- aor .3 sg | hand- acc . sg . def . f | art | brother- gen . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 f |
| The woman, struck with fear, grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | është | e | lodhur | nga | pun-a. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | be. prs .3 sg | art | tired. sg . f | from | work- nom . sg . def . f |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Grua-n | nuk | mund | t-a | zërë | gjum-i | për | shkak | të | mushkonj-ave. |
| woman- acc . sg . def . f | neg | can. prs .3 sg | sbjv - acc .3 sg | take. prs . sbjv .3 sg | sleep- nom . sg . def . m | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | mosquito- gen . pl . f |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Uj-i | duk-et | i | ndritsh-ëm | nga | hën-a. |
| water- nom . sg . def . m | seem- prs .3 sg | art | bright- sg . m | from | moon- nom . sg . def . f |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: fale DAT
| Falë | qen-it | të | tij, | burr-i | pat-i | një | gjueti | të | suksessh-me. |
| thanks_to | dog- dat . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 m | man- nom . sg . def . m | have- aor .3 sg | art . indf | hunt. acc . sg . indf . f | art | successful- sg . f |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: me ACC
| Grua-ja | u | zemër-ua | me | burr-in | e | saj. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | refl | anger- aor . inact .3 sg | with | man- acc . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 f |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | ||||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Grua-ja | u | bë | vonë | për | në | punë | për | shkak | të burr-it të saj. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | refl | do. aor . inact .3 sg | late | for | on | work. acc . sg . indf . f | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | man- gen . sg . def . m . |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Njerëz-it | vdiq-ën | për | shkak | të | tërmet-it. |
| human- nom . pl . def . m | die- aor .3 pl | for | reason. acc . sgindf . m | art | earthquake- gen . sg . def . m |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: nga NOM
| Njerëz-it | vdiq-ën | nga | tërmet-i. |
| human- nom . pl . def . m | die- aor .3 pl | from | earthquake- nom . sg . def . m |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Të | gjith-a | fatkeqësi-të | ndodh-in | për | shkak | të | njerëz-ve. |
| art | all- nom . pl . f | misfortune- nom . pl . def . f | happen- prs .3 pl | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | human- gen . pl . m |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | |||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Të | gjith-a | fatkeqësi-të | shkakto-hen | nga | njerëz-it |
| art | all- nom . pl . m | misfortune- nom . pl . def . f | cause- prs . inact .3 pl | from | human- nom . pl . def . m |
| All misfortunes are caused by humans. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causative meaning is expressed in the predicate. | |||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: fale DAT
| Burr-i | arri-n | të | shoh-ë | më | mirë | tani | falë | operacion-it. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | manage- prs .3 sg | sbjv | see- prs . sbjv .3 sg | part | good | now | thanks_to | operation- dat . sg . def . m |
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. | ||||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: fale DAT
| Grua-ja | është | e | gjallë | falë | atij | burr-it. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | be. prs .3 sg | art | alive | thanks_to | that. dat .3 sg . m | man- dat . sg . def . m |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | i | trego-i | për | këtë | grua-s | së | tij | nga | budallallëk-u. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | dat .3 sg | tell- aor .3 sg | about | it. acc . sg | woman- gen . sg . def . f | art | gen .3 m | from | stupidity- nom . sg . def . m |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | |||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | rrëshqit-i | nga | pakujdesi-a. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | slip- aor .3 sg | from | carelessness- nom . sg . def . f |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Grua-ja | rrëshqit-i | për | shkak | të | pakujdesi-së. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | slip- aor .3 sg | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | carelessness- gen . sg . def . f |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: fale DAT
| Pilot-i | arrit-i | të | ulë | aeroplan-in | falë | përvoj-ës | së | tij. |
| pilot- nom . sg . def . m | manage- aor .3 sg | sbjv | land. prs . sbjv .3 sg | plane- acc . sg . def . m | thanks_to | experience- dat . sg . def . f | art | gen .3 m |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. | ||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Pilot-i | nuk | arrit-i | të | ul-te | aeroplan-in | për | shkak | të | papërvoj-ës. |
| pilot- nom . sg . def . m | neg | manage- aor .3 sg | sbjv | land- impf .3 sg | plane- acc . sg . def . m | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | inexperince- gen . sg . def . f |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane due to inexperience. | |||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Në | kohë | luft-e, | njerëz-it | ha-nin | bar | nga | uri-a. |
| in | time. acc . sg . indf . f | war- abl . sg . indf . f | human- nom . pl . def . m | eat- impv .3 pl | grass. acc . sg . indf . m | from | hunger- nom . sg . def . f |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | hyr-i | brenda | nga | kuriozitet-i. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | enter- aor .3 sg | inside | from | curiosity- nom . sg . def . m |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | vra-u | grua-n | e | tij nga xhelozi-a. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | kill- aor .3 sg | woman- acc . sg . def . f | from | jealousy- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Burr-i | u | trego-i | të | gjith-ëve | për | këtë | për | t’-u mburrur. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | dat .3 pl | tell- aor .3 sg | art | all- dat . pl | about | this. acc . sg | for | art - refl brag. ptcp |
| The man told everyone about it trying to brag. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Burr-i | u | trego-i | të | gjith-ëve | për | këtë | për | mburrje. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | dat .3 pl | tell- aor .3 sg | art | all- dat . pl | about | this. acc . sg | for | boasting. acc . sg . indf . f |
| The man told everyone about it out of boasting. | ||||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | i | the-u | të | gjith-a | pjat-at | nga | zemërim-i. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | acc .3 pl | break- aor .3 sg | art | all- acc . pl . f | dish- acc . pl . def . f | from | anger- nom . sg . def . m |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Për | shkak | të | ftoht-it, | grua-ja | shko-i | për | të | fjetur | e | veshur. |
| for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | cold- gen . sg . def . n | woman- nom . sg . def . f | go- aor .3 sg | for | art | sleep. ptcp | art | clothed. sg . f |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: per ACC
| Mësues-i | e | lavdëro-i | student-in | për | kostum-in | e | tij. |
| teacher- nom . sg . def . m | acc .3 sg | commend- aor .3 sg | student- acc . sg . def . m | for | suit- acc . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 m |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Burr-i | rrah-u | fqinj-in | e | tij | për | shkak | të | fjalë-ve | të tij. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | beat- aor .3 sg | neighbor- acc . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 m | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | word- gen . pl . f | art | gen .3 m |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his words. | |||||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: per ACC
| Fëmij-ët | u | grind-ën | për | top-in. |
| child- nom . pl . def . f | refl | argue- aor . inact .3 pl | for | ball- acc . sg . def . m |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: mbi ACC
| Burr-i | u | grind | me | vëlla-in | e | tij | mbi | trashëgim-inë. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | refl | argue. aor .3 sg | with | brother- acc . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 m | over | inheritance- acc . sg . def . m |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | ||||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Grua-ja | e | ble-u | libr-in | për | shkak | të | fotografi-ve. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | acc .3 sg | buy- aor .3 sg | book- acc . sg . def . m | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | photo- gen . pl . f |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Grua-ja | anulo-i | plan-et | me | shoq-en | e | saj | për | shkak të humor-it të keq. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | cancel- aor .3 sg | plan- acc . pl . def . f | with | friend- acc . sg . def . f | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | mood- gen . sg . def . m | bad. sg . m |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: duke gjykuar nga NOM
| Duke | gjykuar | nga | pellgjet, | ka | rënë | shi | mbrëmë. |
| ger | judge. ptcp | from | puddle- nom . pl . def . f | have. prs .3 sg | fall. ptcp | rain. nom . sg . indf . m | last_night |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: duke gjykuar nga NOM
| Duke | gjykuar | nga | flluskat, | uj-i | po | vlo-n. |
| ger | judge. ptcp | from | bubble- nom . pl . def . f | water- nom . sg . def . m | prog | boil- prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Eja | brenda | nё | shtёpi | se | po | bё-n | i | ftohtё | i | madh jashtё. |
| come. imp .2 sg | inside | in | house. acc . sg . indf . f | comp | prog | do- prs .3 sg | art | cold. nom . sg . def . n | art | big. sg . n |
| Come into the house because it is very cold. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ku | është | pulovr-a | ime | se | po | bё-n | ftohtё? |
| where | be. prs .3 sg | sweater- nom . sg . def . f | nom .1 sg . f | comp | prog | do- prs .3 sg | cold |
| Where is my sweater, because it is cold? | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: me ACC
| Me | rregull | matematikor, | ky | numër | nuk | mund | të | jetë | më | i | vogël | se | një. |
| with | rule. acc . sg . indf . m | mathematical. sg . | this. nom .3 sg . m | number. nom . sg . indf . m | neg | can. prs .3 sg | sbjv | be. prs . sbjv .3 sg | part | art | little. sg . m | than | one |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: sipas DAT
| Sipas | kёtij | rregull-i | matematikor, | ky | numër | nuk | mund | të | jetë | më | i | vogël | se | një. |
| according_to | this. dat .3 sg . m | rule- dat . sg . indf . m | mathematical. sg . m | this. nom .3 sg . m | number. nom . sg . indf . m | neg | can. prs .3 sg | sbjv | be. prs . sbjv .3 sg | part | art | little. sg . m | than | one |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||||||||